Objective. To estimate the rate of bone metabolism depending on the saturation of vitamin D during pregnancy. Materials and methods. Cohort retrospective and prospective study. There were examined 110 pregnant women in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad region. Mean age 29,64±2,3 years, 30-38 weeks of gestation. Time of inclusion is from September till June. All pregnant women had blood sampling with the following estimation of the level of 25-hydroxycalciferol, parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin and ß-isomer of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen. From 12 gestational weeks all patients received multivitamin complex, containing 400 IU of vitamin D. Results. There have been analyzed three subgroups of pregnant women. Insufficiency and deficiency are found in 55,5% of pregnant women. Blood serum level of parathyroid hormone was 23,47±5,90 pg/ml in pregnant with normal saturation of vitamin D, with vitamin D insufficiency- 31,36±9,44 pg/ml, with vitamin D deficiency 46,96±18,44 pg/ml (p<0,05). Mean levels of biochemical markers of bone tissue remodeling were the following: in pregnant women with normal saturation of vitamin D - osteocalcin was 14,68±3,54 ng/ ml, ß-CTX was 0,637±0,210 ng/ml, with vitamin D insufficiency - osteocalcin was 24,5±8,29 ng/ml, ß-CTX was 0,705±0,170 ng/ml, with vitamin D deficiency - osteocalcin was 34,01±7,25 ng/ml, ß-CTX was 0,831±0,140 ng/ml (p<0,05). Conclusions. Insufficient saturation of pregnant women with vitamin D is associated with the changes of the rate and way of bone metabolism. It increases both osteosynthesis and osteoresorption: level of osteocalcin increases 2 times in blood serum, level of ß-CTX increases 1,3 times. Pregnant women with the insufficient saturation of vitamin D show the increase of parathyroid hormone. That means the possibility to save bone metabolism with the function of osteosynthesis and osteoresorption. Pregnant women with the revealed insufficiency and deficiency of vitamin D refer to the group of risk for the development of osteopenia and postpartum ruptures.

The reason why the level of vitamin D saturation in pregnant women is very important is because it has a crucial influence on the prevention of pregnancy complications. There is information about great prevalence of vitamin D deficit all around the world. In the article results of randomized prospective controlled research about serum level of 25-hydrocholecalciferol (25-OH-D) of women who had been taking different doses of cholecal-ciferol are shown. The goal of this research is to estimate the impact of different daily doses of cholecalciferol (from 500 ME to 4000 ME) on the serum level of 25-OH-D in pregnant women with initial vitamin D deficit. The research included 68 pregnant women initially from 12 to 14 weeks of pregnancy that had been randomized to 2 groups. The first group (n1=45) consisted of women who had been taking 500 ME of cholecalciferol every day since first trimester to parturition. The second group included women who had been taking 4000 ME (n2=23) of cholecalciferol since the starting of the research to parturition. In the beginning of the research women from both groups had no significant difference in serum level of 25-OH-D: the first group had 16.45 ng/ml and the second group had 16.85 ng/ml. The level of 25-OH-D was checked during 12-14, 24-26 and 34-36 weeks of pregnancy. The first group of women who took daily 500 ME of cholecalciferol hasn’t shown any significant changing of the 25-OH-D serum level. Up to parturition no women of the first group has shown the serum level of 25-OH-D that could meet the standard. Vice versa 82.61% (n-19) of women from the second group met the standard of 25-OH-D level in serum before 26th week of pregnancy and 100% (n-23) of the women met the standard up to 34th week of pregnancy. By 34th week of pregnancy in the first group of women an average level of 25-OH-D in serum was 19.48 ng/ml (±0,70) and in the second group the average level was 44.95 ng/ml (±0,80). The research has shown that taking of 4000 ME of cholecalciferol by women with initial vitamin D deficit is highly efficient to achieve the standard of serum level of 25-OH-D and safe.

Objective: To study the electrical myocardial instability markers in patients with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VA). Design and methods: 123 patients with more than 100 ventricular ectopic complexes (VEC)/hour were divided into 2 groups: the 1st group - 98 patients with idiopathic VA, the 2nd group (control) - 25 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). 65 pregnant women without structural myocardial pathology were included in the 3rd group (substudy). Results: In the 1st group VA was monomorphic with night type. Fragmentation QRS (FQRS) in sinus complexes was not registered, fQRS in VEC - in 25 (25.5%). Microvolt T-wave alternans (MTWA) was positive in 58 (59.2%), abnormal turbulence onset (TO) - in 35 (35.7%), abnormal turbulence slope (TS) - in 25 (25.5%). In the 2nd group VA was polimorphic with day type. FQRS in sinus complexes was observed in 3 (12%), fQRS VEC - in 11 patients (44%), positive MTWA test - in 13 patients (52%), abnormal TO - in 6 (24%), TS - in 8 patients (32%). In 3rd group VEC were registered in 28 (43%), FQRS, MTWA and abnormal TS were not registered, abnormal TO - in 4 (26.6%). Conclusion: Pathological electrical myocardial instability markers in patients with idiopathic VA and in the subgroup of pregnant women are likely to be caused by an imbalance of the autonomic nervous system, while in patients with CAD features of myocardial heterogeneity were observed.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MS), and it can be regarded as one of the targets in their treatment. However, the data on changes in the G6PD activity in these diseases are scarce. The aim of this work was to study the G6PD activity in the brain, myocardium and epididymal fat (EF) in male rats with T2DM and MS and the influence of long-term treatment with antidiabetic drug metformin (MF) on it. To induce T2DM, five-day rat pups were treated with streptozotocin (75 mg/kg). The MS in rats was induced by diet consisting of 30% glucose solution and saturated fats. The treatment of T2DM and MS was carried out at a daily dose 200 mg/kg for 5 or 10 weeks. It was shown that in the brain of rats with T2DM and MS the G6PD activity changed weakly. In the myocardium and EF in rats with T2DM and MS the G6PD activity significantly increased. The treatment of animals with MF led to decrease of this activity, and in the myocardium of rats with T2DM the enzyme activity reached its level in control. Thus, we showed that in the myocardium and EF of rats with T2DM and MS the G6PD activity was significantly increased, and the MF treatment normalized it, which is one of the mechanisms of therapeutic action of MF.

Non-genetic rat models of diabetic nephropathy are most commonly reproduced by using streptozotocin. However, administration of high doses of streptozotocin might have significant disadvantages such as severe hyperglycemia due to insulinopenic condition. Nevertheless, certain significant metabolic factors besides hyperglycemia, such as insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hereby, we have described a novel model of type 2 diabetes and nephropathy in rats that is characterized by morphofunctional changes similar to relatively early stages of human diabetic nephropathy. Starting at 3 weeks after right-side nephrectomy, adult male Wistar rats were fed for 5 weeks the high-fat diet containing beef tallow and then successively received nicotinamide (230 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) intraperitoneally in 15-min interval. Control nondiabetic uninephrectomized rats received vehicle and were fed normal chow. With described model we observed the development of mild hyperglycemia, overweight, slight significant increase in insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia which resulted in a gradual decrease in renal function up to significant reduced creatinine clearance and elevated albuminuria, and confirmed diabetic nephropathy by validated electron and light microscopic morphological criteria at week 30 of the study.

The method of quantitative determination of iron content was used to investigate the dynamics of the natural biodistribution of magnetic nanoparticles of various structure and composition when a single intravenous administration to Wistar rats. The results indicate that entered into the body magnetic nanoparticles of various synthesis technique demonstrate the distribution dynamics of mixed trends. Probably the dynamics of the natural distribution of nanoparticles is influenced by factors determined by the terms of nanoparticles synthesis. The characteristics of the nanoparticles produced with various synthesis methods presumably have an impact not only on their natural biodistribution in the body but also on the tropism for specific tissues and organs, thereby determining the range of possible use in biomedicine.

We analyzed pathomorphologic changes of lung interstitium tissue in male Wistar rats (average weight 250300 g, n=20) after single-pass intravenous administration 1ml (2 mg/ml) 13±2 nm silicon dioxide spherical shape nanoparticles. We estimated tissue reaction on 21 st and 60th days after injection. Diffuse infiltration of alveolar partitions increase was noticed (p <0,05); mast cells and eosinocytes pool increase was not significant. We did not revealed granulomas formation or pneumofibrosis. The revealed changes let us to suppose persistence of dispersible silica dioxide nanoparticles in lung interstitium on all terms of study. Cell reaction trends let us to propose that in lungs nanoparticles distribute with local interstitial macrophages.

Objective. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) based on iron oxide obtained by different methods were tested for their effect on central hemodynamics and organ microcirculation of rats in the absence and presence of an external magnetic field. Design and methods. The experiments were performed on anesthetized Wistar rats under mechanical ventilation flow. Catheterization of common carotid artery and of femoral vein was performed consistently. Thoracotomy and laparotomy were provided to access the internal organs. Registration of organ microcirculatory parameters (heart, liver, spleen and kidney) was performed using a surface probe laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF). Specimens were administered into the femoral vein of rats for 10 minutes while monitoring the heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and patterns of LDF. In case of MNPs’ administration with external magnetic field the impact of magnet was performed in the heart area in MNPs’ administration stage and within 10 minutes after its termination. At the end of administration of the specimens parameters mentioned above had been registered for one hour at an interval of 10 minutes. Organ microcirculation’s and central hemodynamics’ disorders were not observed in the absence of an external magnetic field on the background of magnetite nanoparticles administration. Minor temporary changes of microcirculation were observed when introducing the magnetic nanoparticles with a silica shell. Results. Significant changes in hemodynamics’ and microcirculation’s parameters were not observed when introducing all types of MNPs in the presence of an external magnetic field. Administration of magnetite nanoparticles coated with silica causes minor transient decrease of microcirculation in the myocardium. Conclusion. Magnetic nanoparticles don’t affect the parameters of systemic hemodynamics and organ microcirculation regardless of the method of synthesis and the presence of an external magnetic field. The results indirectly indicate biocompatibility of the investigated types of magnetic nanoparticles.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the rate changes prognostic properties mitochondrial DNA concentration in patient’s blood plasma of chronic myocardial ischemia and / or cerebral against the disease and the effectiveness of the therapy. The study will enroll patients with coronary heart disease and / or chronic cerebral ischemia with stable and unstable atherosclerotic plaques, written informed consent to the processing of data within the framework of scientific research. Patients will be carried out laboratory and instrumental methods of research and analysis of mitochondrial DNA of hospitalization based on medical history will be analyzed, research profiles, the results of clinical trials. Identification of the most informative indicators characterizing the markers of risk for cardiovascular disease will develop ways to assess the degree of cellular damage in chronic ischemia on a background of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and inspection algorithm, and the creation of a database for the evaluation of patients have passed a comprehensive examination. The results of the proposed research will identify prognostic factors of destabilization of cell damage and plaques in endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and its complications, to conduct clinical testing of a method of diagnostics of cellular damage in chronic ischemia on a background of atherosclerosis.

Objective. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of different protocols of sound preconditioning against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Materials and methods. Laboratory rats were subjected to different protocols of acoustic stimulation before intravenous injection of cisplatin at a dose of 7 mg/kg. The functional state of inner ear was evaluated using otoacoustic emission. Results. Minimal depression of otoacoustic emission amplitude tracing on the third day after cisplatin injection was registered in the group subjected to the following sound preconditioning protocol: tonal signal 5 kHz, intensity 100 dB, continuous period of 15 minutes. Conclusion. The result obtained indicates that sound preconditioning could be recommended for prevention of ototoxicity-mediated hearing loss in the clinical settings.

The article discusses the effectiveness and features of intra-articular injection of medical preparations, which makes it possible to reduce the dose of oral medication, reduce the likelihood of side effects of systemic therapy. Intra-articular injection of drugs with ultrasound control improves the accuracy of injection, reduces the risk of complications when performing injections. The growing request for these manipulations increases the need for new devices and appliances for implementation of intra-articular injection to stimulate their development.