Background. The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is a widely used instrument for assessing the patient’s functional status and selecting parameters of physical training. The distance covered in 6 minutes is the main result of 6MWT, however, this indicator is influenced by many factors: age, gender, weight, height of the patient, the methodology of the test. Objective. To assess the influence of various pre-test instructions on the distance value covered during the 6MWT by schoolchildren with congenital heart defects. Material and methods. 67 patients with corrected congenital heart defects and congestive heart failure aged 12.8 (7–16) years were included, 59.5 % were boys. Everyone underwent two 6MWT with different instructions for implementation. Test 1: the patient was given the goal to walk the maximum possible distance in 6 minutes (the “Further” test — FT). Test 2: The patient was instructed to walk as fast as possible in order to cover the maximum possible distance in 6 minutes (the “Faster and Further” test — FFT). The sequence of tests was random. Results. The distance covered in FFT was greater than in FT in 79.2 % of the surveyed, amounting to 505 [439; 570] meters and 580 [507; 648] meters (p < 0.0001) or 69 [57; 79] % and 79 [70; 87] % of the required values (p < 0.0001) respectively for FT and FFT tests. The heart rate measured in the first 10 seconds after physical activity in 89.6 % of patients was higher in FFT — 126 [110–139] BPM, in FT — 104 [92–120] BPM (p < 0.0001) or 60.2 [53.2; 67.5] % and 50.3 [44.5; 56.7] % of the maximum calculated heart rate (220-age). The increase in heart rate was 40 [25; 48] BPM and 15 [10; 28] BPM or 31.1 [20.1; 41.7] % and 12.9 % [8.8; 22.8] of the heart rate reserve, respectively, in the FT and FFT groups, p < 0.0001. Conclusion. The instruction to walk “as fast as possible in order to cover as much distance as possible” increases the distance of the 6MWT by increasing the intensity of physical effort without reducing the safety of the study. This increases the informativeness of the test in assessment the patient’s functional status and the formation of a physical rehabilitation program.

Background. The preservation of maternal and child health is an important component of health care. 2024 by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 22.11.2023 No. 875 was declared the year of the family. The current negative dynamics of demographic processes in modern society raises the problem of ensuring a high level of survival and health of newborns. This issue carries importance both at the state level as a whole and at the strategic level to maintain the population size both at the federal level and in each of its regions, including the Komi Republic. In the conditions of the demographic crisis, not only in the Komi Republic, but also in the Russian Federation, the analysis of fetoinfantile losses plays an important role. The population living in the regions of the Far North and areas equated to them is subjected to a complex of extreme natural and climatic factors, which negatively affects the reproductive health of the population, causing fetoinfantile losses. The presented work describes the indicators of fetoinfantile losses in the Komi Republic in comparison with similar indicators in the Russian Federation as a whole. Objective. Conduct a comparative analysis of infant mortality rates, perinatal mortality dynamics, early neonatal and stillbirth rates from 2012 to 2022, thereby characterizing fetoinfantile losses in the Komi Republic. Design and methods. The analysis of fetoinfantile losses was carried out on the basis of data presented in the unified interdepartmental information and statistical system, the Federal State Statistics Service, statistical collections of GBUZ RK “RIAC” Basic Indicators of Population Health and Health Status of the Komi Republic for 2012–2022, State Report “On the State of Health of the Population of the Komi Republic in 2022”. A trend line was used to evaluate and illustrate trends. Results. Fetoinfantile losses in the Komi Republic tend to decrease, but exceed the average for the Russian Federation. Congenital abnormalities, deformities and chromosomal disorders continue to occupy a leading place in the structure of infant mortality in the Komi Republic. In the Komi Republic, the trend towards a decrease in the abortion rate remains, but 1.5 times higher than this figure in the Russian Federation. Conclusion. In the Komi Republic, there is a complex of behavioral, climatic and social factors that affect reproductive health, leading to fetoinfantile losses exceeding average indicators. There is a need to optimize the examination of women in the pre-gravidar and antenatal period, including medical genetic counseling, which will reduce stillbirth and the incidence of congenital malformations.

Anesthesia is widely used in experimental biomedical research to anesthetize and immobilize laboratory animals during surgical interventions and experimental procedures. In contrast to clinical and veterinary anesthesiology, an important aspect of anesthesia in laboratory animals is to minimize the effect of anesthetics on the results of the study. On November 19, 2022, the IV Scientific and Practical Conference “Experimental Surgery, Anesthesiology and Reanimatology of Laboratory Animals” was held in Moscow, where the community of specialists in the field of laboratory animal science, experimental surgery, pathophysiology, veterinary medicine, clinical and veterinary anesthesiology discussed various aspects of anesthesia in laboratory animals. This review is based on the conference proceedings and is devoted to general issues of animal anesthesia, its technological aspects (methods, equipment and consumables), consideration of advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly used inhalation and injection anesthetics.

The advantages and schemes of modern combined anesthesia are substantiated, in particular, the need for adequate intraoperative analgesia and the possibility of regional anesthesia. The use of obsolete and non-recommended drugs is also discussed. The review and recommendations have a practical orientation and are intended for biomedical researchers who use laboratory animals in basic, translational and regulated preclinical studies.

Background. The combination of heart failure (HF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2T) is considered one of the most common and unfavorable duets. A promising area of modern research is the development of translational models of the diabetic phenotype of HF and new methods of its treatment. The aim. To study the effect of oxytocin (Oх) on structural and functional changes of the myocardium in modeling the diabetic phenotype of HF. Materials and methods. The study was performed on sexually mature rats of both sexes of the Wistar line (n = 36): 12 animals are intact; 24 — the main group with the diabetic phenotype HF, modeled according to the new method of Starchenko AD, et al. (2024). From the 28th to the 42nd day of the experiment, oxytocin was administered daily to 12 animals of the main group at a dose of 0.5 U/kg of body weight intramuscularly, glucose levels, NTproBNP in blood serum, left ventricular ejection fraction (LV) were assessed according to echocardiography. The material (heart, LV myocardium) was taken on the 42nd day after the animals were removed from the experiment, followed by histological examination (microscopy, morphometry). Results. It was found that the administration of Ox led to a decrease in the level of glycemia and NTproBNP in animals of both sexes with the diabetic phenotype of HF. A more significant effect of Ox on the structural reorganization of the LV myocardium in the group of females with DM2T and HF was determined: a decrease in the volume density (VD) of the stroma, an increase in VD capillaries and trophic index. Conclusion. Hypoglycemic and cardioprotective effects of Ox (improvement of trophic and inhibition of myocardial fibrosis) in diabetic phenotype of experimental HF have been demonstrated.

Pathologies associated with impaired bone homeostasis, including osteoporosis, are among the leading diseases in terms of mortality. The development and implementation of tissue engineering approaches based on the use of human mesenchymal stem cells promises to become a highly effective method for their therapy. However, the fundamental cellular mechanism, which is associated with the development of bone diseases, require an additional study. Interactions between osteoblasts and osteocytes of bone tissue undoubtedly plays an important role in maintaining a balance between the processes of bone formation and resorption and involved in the pathogenesis of certain diseases. For more in-depth understanding of the various aspects of these interactions, a representative model is needed. In contrast to cell cultures obtained from the tissues of animal models, the employment of human mesenchymal stem cell cultures reflects more accurately the physiological and phenotypical nuances in human bone. The possibility of creating systems for the co-cultivation of osteoblasts and osteocytes derived from human mesenchymal stem cells and their application in the context of translational medicine is in the focus of this review.

The implementation of innovative medical technologies into healthcare practice can significantly prolong and improve the quality of life of the population. However, successful integration of these technologies into the healthcare system requires a systematic approach to finding and evaluating innovations. Such evaluation should take place at different stages — development, registration planning and pre-market release — and consider the wider implications of these innovations for medical practice. The purpose of this review is to describe the underlying principles of leading international horizon scanning systems, using examples from Singapore, Canada, England, France, England, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, and the USA. In addition, the review aims to identify general trends in the development of these systems and explore their potential applicability to the healthcare system of the Russian Federation.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of death worldwide, including in the Russian Federation. Early detection and continuous monitoring are crucial to reduce mortality and improve patient outcomes. This article examines the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the detection and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, emphasizing their potential for the development of the field of cardiology. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using, focusing on studies in which artificial intelligence was used to diagnose, treat, and monitor cardiovascular diseases. The review includes an analysis of various artificial intelligence methods, including machine learning and neural networks, and their effectiveness in detecting heart rhythm disorders using wireless sensors and wearable devices. The review highlights promising solutions using artificial intelligence developed both internationally and in the Russian Federation, and provides practical recommendations for their implementation. By addressing existing research gaps and offering directions for the future, the article aims to improve the understanding and application of artificial intelligence in cardiology, which ultimately contributes to improved patient care and treatment outcomes.