Природные и искусственные экзосомы для трансляционной наномедицины

Экзосомы представляют собой сферические внеклеточные нановезикулы эндосомального происхождения, функция которых заключается в инкапсулировании части содержимого родительских клеток, продуцирующих их, и транспортировке этого содержимого к целевым клеткам-реципиентам с помощью биологических жидкостей. Благодаря своим свойствам экзосомы рассматриваются как потенциальные биологические системы доставки лекарственных препаратов (ЛП) в клетки-мишени. Для медицинских целей экзосомы выделяются из различных природных источников. Использование каждого типа экзосом в терапевтических целях имеет свои преимущества, но и сопряжено в той или иной степени с рядом биологических (стабильность, иммуногенность, токсичность) и технических (масштабирование производства, стандартизация выделения, загрузка ЛП) проблем. Экзосомы, полученные из клеток человека, имеют значительный потенциал в качестве средств доставки ЛП благодаря своему эндогенному происхождению. Однако одновременно с доставкой ЛП экзосомы человека могут переносить потенциально опасные биомолекулы. Экзосомы молока сельскохозяйственных животных и экзосомоподобные везикулы, продуцируемые растениями, имеют сами по себе огромный терапевтический потенциал и безопасны в качестве средств доставки ЛП. Однако данные об их воздействии на организм человека ограничены. Искусственные экзосомы, созданные с помощью нанобиотехнологий, позволяют преодолеть многие из технических ограничений, присущих природным экзосомам. В обзоре обсуждаются сильные стороны и ограничения разных типов природных и искусственных экзосом как наноносителей для доставки ЛП, а также проблемы, связанные с их внедрением в клиническую практику

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