Преимущества и недостатки широко используемых методов изучения внеклеточных везикул

Внеклеточные везикулы (ВВ) представляют собой гетерогенную группу везикул, имеющих размер от нескольких десятков до нескольких сотен нанометров. ВВ способны проникать через гистогематические барьеры и обнаруживаются во всех биологических жидкостях. Состав ВВ в значительной степени отражает состав секретировавших их клеток. В настоящее время ВВ широко используются для поиска диагностических и терапевтических маркеров, в связи с чем исследования состава и свойств ВВ сегодня становятся все более востребованными. Несмотря на очевидный потенциал ВВ в биомедицинских приложениях, отсутствие единых методов их выделения, анализа и количественного измерения значительно ограничивает научный прогресс в данной области. В научной литературе встречаются описания десятков методов выделения и изучения ВВ, причем зачастую исследователи не представляют сравнительных преимуществ и недостатков используемых методов. В связи с этим становится актуальным обзор методов исследования ВВ. В данном обзоре представлен всесторонний анализ современных методов исследования ВВ. Каждый метод обладает своими преимуществами и ограничениями, влияющими на выход, чистоту и характеристики выделенных везикул, а также на точность получаемых результатов. Метод выделения и анализа ВВ необходимо выбирать с учетом цели и специфики исследования, поскольку универсального подхода в настоящее время не существует. Только глубокое понимание особенностей различных методик позволит подобрать оптимальный протокол для решения конкретных задач исследования, обеспечивая надежность и воспроизводимость результатов.

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