Хоуминг стволовых клеток крови: биология и клинические перспективы

Ниша гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (ГСК) — совокупность микроокружения в костном мозге, обеспечивающая способность ГСК к дифференцировке и самообновлению. Она состоит из взаимосвязанных сосудистой и внутрикостной ниш. Данное разделение актуально при рассмотрении процесса хоуминга, так как гемопоэтические стволовые клетки взаимодействуют с нишами последовательно в процессе приживления. Компоненты ниши костного мозга подразделяются на клеточные и внеклеточные. Все они являются значимыми факторами поддержания гомеостаза ниши, а следовательно, важны для трансплантации ГСК и дальнейшего их приживления.
Хоуминг представляет собой процесс самостоятельной миграции гемопоэтических стволовых клеток в костный мозг, происходящий при трансплантации костного мозга — распространенном методе лечения опухолей кроветворной ткани. Однако далеко не вся масса трансплантируемых клеток достигает своей ниши, что влечет за собой ряд побочных эффектов и осложнений данной процедуры. Сегодня активно ведутся поиски методов повышения эффективности трансплантации ГСК. Рассматриваются как способы воздействия непосредственно на миграцию клеток, так и методы предварительного увеличения количества трансплантируемых гемопоэтических стволовых клеток. Одной из ключевых точек приложения новых технологий является именно хоуминг, повышение эффективности которого может сократить сроки восстановления кроветворения после трансплантации. Разработка в данной области способна изменить существующую практику трансплантации ГСК и заметно повысить выживаемость пациентов после проведения процедуры.

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