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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">transmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Трансляционная медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Translational Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2311-4495</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-5155</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18705/2311-4495-2025-12-1-94-107</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">YSZLOU</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">transmed-981</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АЛЛЕРГОЛОГИЯ И ИММУНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль бактериальных внеклеточных везикул в формировании антибиотикорезистентности и уклонении от иммунного надзора</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bacterial extracellular vesicles: their role in antibiotic resistance and immune evasion</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плеханов</surname><given-names>К. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Plekhanov</surname><given-names>K. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Плеханов Кирилл Николаевич, студент лечебного факультета Института медицинского образования </p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kirill N. Plekhanov, student of Institute of medical education </p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">plehanovkiirill@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moiseeva</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Моисеева Алеся Михайловна, к.м.н., заведующая кафедрой микробиологии и вирусологии Института медицинского образования </p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alesya M. Moiseeva, PhD, Head of the Department of Microbiology and Virology, Institute of Medical Education </p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">moiseeva_am@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7577-628X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Головкин</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golovkin</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Головкин Алексей Сергеевич, д.м.н., заведующий лабораторией микровезикулярного сигналинга Института молекулярной биологии и генетики, профессор кафедры микробиологии и вирусологии Института медицинского образования </p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey S. Golovkin, MD, PhD, DrSci, head of laboratory of microvesicular signaling, Institute of molecular biology and genetics, professor of microbiology and virology department, Institute of medical education </p><p>Akkuratova str., 2, Saint Petersburg, 197341 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">golovkin_a@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>Внеклеточные везикулы: большие перспективы маленьких объектов</issue-title><fpage>94</fpage><lpage>107</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Плеханов К.Н., Михайлова А.М., Головкин А.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Плеханов К.Н., Михайлова А.М., Головкин А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Plekhanov K.N., Moiseeva A.M., Golovkin A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/981">https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/981</self-uri><abstract><p>В настоящее время антибиотикорезистентность представляет одну из растущих серьезных проблем мирового здравоохранения. Появляется все больше исследований, сообщающих о новых способностях бактерий уклоняться как от воздействия антибиотиков, так и от иммунного надзора макроорганизма. Одним из таких инструментов является использование бактериальных внеклеточных везикул, опосредующих выживаемость бактерий в условиях антибиотического и иммунного стресса. Цель настоящего обзора — проанализировать имеющиеся данные об участии бактериальных везикул в развитии антибиотикорезистентности и уклонении от иммунного надзора. Везикулы грамположительных и грамотрицательных бактерий имеют ряд структурных различий, а также отличные друг от друга механизмы реализации своих функций. Антибиотикорезистентность бактерий достигается за счет использования везикул как мишеней для антибиотиков, горизонтального переноса генов, удаления «клеточного мусора», а также переноса ферментов, разрушающих антибактериальные агенты. Реализуя стратегию уклонения от иммунного надзора, бактериальные везикулы могут участвовать в создании биопленок, провоцировать про- и противовоспалительные реакции, влиять на выделение цитокинов иммунными клетками, создавая для себя более выгодные условия для колонизации и развития. Таким образом, внеклеточные везикулы играют важную роль в реализации бактериями стратегий уклонения от иммунного надзора и антибиотикорезистентности. Однако все еще остаются малоизученными молекулярные механизмы развития различных реакций со стороны макроорганизма, а также процессы образования бактериальных везикул, что открывает возможности для дальнейших исследований.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Antibiotic resistance is a rapidly escalating global healthcare crisis. Bacteria employ diverse strategies to evade both antibiotics and the host immune system. One of these tools is the use of bacterial extracellular vesi­ cles that mediate bacterial survival under antibiotic and immune stress. This review analyzes the impact of bacterial extracellular vesicles on antibiotic resistance and immune evasion. Bacterial extracellular vesicles of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have a number of structural differences, as well as different mechanisms for implementing their functions. Bacterial extracellular vesicles contribute to antibiotic resistance by acting as antibiotic targets, carrying resistance genes (horizontal gene transfer), and removing/degrading antibacterial agents. By implementing the strategy of evading immune surveillance, bacterial extracellular vesicles can participate in the formation of biofilms, provoke pro- and anti-inflammatory reactions, influence the secretion of cytokines by immune cells, creating more favorable conditions for colonization and development. Therefore, bacterial extracellular vesicles significantly contribute to bacterial survival under antibiotic and immune stress. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial extracellular vesi­ cles biogenesis and host responses to bacterial extracellular vesicles remain poorly understood, highlighting the need for further research to combat antibiotic resistance and bacterial infections.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>бактериальные внеклеточные везикулы</kwd><kwd>бактериальные инфекции</kwd><kwd>биопленки</kwd><kwd>горизонтальный перенос генов</kwd><kwd>иммунный стресс</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>bacterial extracellular vesicles</kwd><kwd>bacterial infections</kwd><kwd>biofilms</kwd><kwd>horizontal gene transfer</kwd><kwd>immune stress</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 19-75-20076. https://rscf.ru/project/19-75-20076/</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was carried out at the expense of a grant from the Russian Science Foundation No. 19-75-20076. https://rscf.ru/project/19-75-20076/</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacNair CR, Tan MW. 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