<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">transmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Трансляционная медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Translational Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2311-4495</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-5155</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18705/2311-4495-2025-12-3-268-282</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">OHMKMF</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">transmed-966</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКУШЕРСТВО И ГИНЕКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Дисфункция плаценты при материнском ожирении — ключевой механизм фетального программирования метаболического синдрома у плода</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Placental dysfunction in maternal obesity is a key mechanism of fetal programming of metabolic syndrome</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галагудза</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galagudza</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Галагудза Михаил Михайлович, д.м.н., профессор, член-корреспондент и профессор РАН, директор НИО токсикологии ЦДТИ ИЭМ, заведующий кафедрой патологии ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В. А. Алмазова» Минздрава России; профессор кафедры патофизиологии ФГБОУ ВО ПСПбГМУ им. И. П. Павлова Минздрава России</p><p>пр. Пархоменко, д. 15, Санкт-Петербург, 194156</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail M. Galagudza, MD, Prof., Corresponding Member and Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the Research Institute of Toxicology, Center for Preclinical and Translational Research at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, Head of the Department of Pathology, Almazov National Medical Research Centre; Professor of the Department of Pathophysiology, Academician I. P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State University</p><p>Parhomenko ave., 15, Saint Petersburg, 194156</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">galagoudza@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Успенский</surname><given-names>Ю. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Uspensky</surname><given-names>Yu. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Успенский Юрий Павлович, д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой факультетской терапии им. В. А. Вальдмана ФГБОУ ВО СПбГПМУ Минздрава России; профессор кафедры внутренних болезней стоматологического факультета ФГБОУ ВО ПСПбГМУ им. И. П. Павлова Минздрава России; главный внештатный специалист-гастроэнтеролог Комитета по здравоохранению Санкт-Петербурга</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuri P. Uspensky, MD, Prof., Head of the Department of Faculty Therapy named after V. A. Waldman, Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University; Professor of the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Stomatology, Academician I. P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State University; Chief External Specialist Gastroenterologist of Saint Petersburg</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фоминых</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fominykh</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фоминых Юлия Александровна, д.м.н., профессор, заведующая кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней с клиникой ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В. А. Алмазова» Минздрава России; профессор кафедры факультетской терапии им. В. А. Вальдмана ФГБОУ ВО СПбГПМУ Минздрава России</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia A. Fominykh, MD, Prof., Head of the Department of Internal Medicine Propaedeutics with Clinic, Almazov National Medical Research Centre; Professor of the Department of Faculty Therapy named after V. A. Waldman, Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бутко</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Butko</surname><given-names>D. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бутко Дмитрий Юрьевич, д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой медицинской реабилитации и спортивной медицины</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry Yu. Butko, MD, Prof., Head of the Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комар</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Komar</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Комар Вероника Владимировна, студент 6 курса лечебного факультета ФГБОУ ВО СПбГПМУ Минздрава России; лаборант-исследователь НИО токсикологии ЦДТИ ИЭМ ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В. А. Алмазова» Мин здрава России; лаборант кафедры факультетской терапии им. В. А. Вальдмана ФГБОУ ВО СПбГПМУ Минздрава России</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Veronika V. Komar, 6th-year student, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Laboratory Researcher of the Research Institute of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre; Laboratory Assistant of the Department of Faculty Therapy named after V. A. Waldman, Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nika.komar15@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И. П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre; Academician I. P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И. П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Academician I. P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State University; Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre; Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>268</fpage><lpage>282</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Галагудза М.М., Успенский Ю.П., Фоминых Ю.А., Бутко Д.Ю., Комар В.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Галагудза М.М., Успенский Ю.П., Фоминых Ю.А., Бутко Д.Ю., Комар В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Galagudza M.M., Uspensky Y.P., Fominykh Y.A., Butko D.Y., Komar V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/966">https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/966</self-uri><abstract><p>Плацента является важнейшим связующим звеном между организмом матери и плода и, следователь но, центральным органом, подлежащим изучению в контексте фетального программирования метаболи ческого синдрома. Ожирение вызывает дисфункцию плаценты за счет различных механизмов, включая нарушение экспрессии генов-переносчиков жирных кислот, ферментов этерификации и депонирования липидов. Формирующаяся при этом липотоксичная среда за счет повышения уровня ряда провоспали тельных маркеров как в материнской плазме, так и в плаценте, активации плацентарной передачи сигна лов воспаления, а также усиления регуляции провоспалительных генов, определяет внутриплацентар ные функциональные нарушения и программирует долгосрочные метаболические нарушения у плода. Наблюдаются нарушения в плацентарном транспорте аминокислот, а также митохондриальная дисфунк ция. Регистрируются данные о повышении уровня плацентарных активных форм кислорода (АФК), ни трозилировании белков, изменении концентрации цитокинов, усилении перекисного окисления липидов с последующей эндотелиальной дисфункцией плацентарной сосудистой сети. Результаты исследований по определению уровня гормонов как в тканях плаценты, так и в пуповинной крови плода у женщин с ожирением демонстрируют различные метаболические сдвиги. Особый интерес представляет рас смотрение полового диморфизма в контексте фетального программирования. Показано, что существует определенный каскад различий генетического, метаболического, воспалительного профиля в зависимости от пола плода. Эти изменения представляют собой механизмы, способствующие плацентарной дисфункции и программированию у плода ожирения и метаболических заболеваний, которые реализуются в более позднем возрасте. При этом многие аспекты дисфункции плаценты при ожирении у матери требуют дальнейшего изучения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The placenta is a critical link between the maternal and fetal bodies and is therefore a central organ to be studied in the context of fetal programming of the metabolic syndrome. Obesity causes placental dysfunction through various mechanisms, including impaired expression of fatty acid transporter genes, esterification en zymes and lipid deposition. The resulting lipotoxic environment, by increasing proinflammatory markers in maternal plasma and placenta, activating placental inflammatory signaling, and upregulating proinflammatory genes, determines intraplacental functional abnormalities and programs long-term metabolic disorders in the fetus. Abnormalities in placental amino acid transport and mitochondrial dysfunction are observed. Evidence of increased placental reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, protein nitrosylation, altered cytokine concentrations, and increased lipid peroxidation with subsequent endothelial dysfunction of the placental vascular network is recorded. Studies on hormone levels in placental tissues and fetal cord blood in obese women demonstrate various metabolic shifts. Of particular interest is the consideration of sexual dimorphism in the context of fetal programming, showing a cascade of differences in the genetic, metabolic, and inflammatory profile depending on the sex of the fetus. These changes represent mechanisms contributing to placental dysfunction and program ming of obesity and metabolic diseases in the fetus. However, many aspects of placental dysfunction in maternal obesity require further investigation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>материнское ожирение</kwd><kwd>фетальное программирование</kwd><kwd>плацента</kwd><kwd>жирные кислоты</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>половой диморфизм</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fatty acids</kwd><kwd>fetal programming</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>maternal obesity</kwd><kwd>placenta</kwd><kwd>sexual dimorphism</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бабенко А.Ю., Балукова Е.В., Барыш никова Н.В. и др. / Под ред. А. В. Шаброва Метаболический синдром. Санкт-Петербург, 2020. ISBN 978-5 907321-19-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babenko AYu, Balukova EV, Baryshnikova NV, et al. / ed. Shabrov AV. Metabolic syndrome. Saint Petersburg, 2020. In Russian ISBN 978-5-907321-19-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lima BS, Sanches AP, Ferreira MS, et al. Maternal placental axis and its impact on fetal outcomes, metabolism, and development. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2023;1870(1):16685. DOI:10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166851.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lima BS, Sanches AP, Ferreira MS, et al. Maternal placental axis and its impact on fetal outcomes, metabolism, and development. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2023;1870(1):16685. DOI:10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166851.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shook LL, James KE, Roberts DJ, et al. Sex-specific impact of maternal obesity on fetal placental macrophages and cord blood triglycerides. Placenta. 2023;140:100–108. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2023.09.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shook LL, James KE, Roberts DJ, et al. Sex-specific impact of maternal obesity on fetal placental macrophages and cord blood triglycerides. Placenta. 2023;140:100–108. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2023.09.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelly AC, Powell TL, Jansson T. Placental function in maternal obesity. Clin. Sci. 2020;134:961–984. DOI:10.1042/CS20190800.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelly AC, Powell TL, Jansson T. Placental function in maternal obesity. Clin. Sci. 2020;134:961–984. DOI:10.1042/CS20190800.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santos E, Hernández M, Sérazin V, et al. Human placental adaptive changes in response to maternal obesity: sex specificities. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(11):9770. DOI:10.3390/ijms24119770.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santos E, Hernández M, Sérazin V, et al. Human placental adaptive changes in response to maternal obesity: sex specificities. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(11):9770. DOI:10.3390/ijms24119770.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reynolds CM. Don’t sugar coat it: The independent and synergistic impacts of obesity and gestational diabetes on placental parameters. J Physiol. 2023;601(7):1155–1156. DOI:10.1113/JP284347.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reynolds CM. Don’t sugar coat it: The independent and synergistic impacts of obesity and gestational diabetes on placental parameters. J Physiol. 2023;601(7):1155–1156. DOI:10.1113/JP284347.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Padmanabhan V, Cardoso RC, Puttabyatappa M. Developmental programming, a pathway to disease. Endocrinology. 2016;157(4):1328–1340. DOI:10.1210/ en.2015-1934. 8. Şanlı E, Kabaran S. Maternal obesity, maternal overnutrition and fetal programming: effects of epigenetic mechanisms on the development of metabolic disorders. Curr Genomics. 2019;20(6):419–427. DOI:10.2174/13892-02920666191118121651.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Padmanabhan V, Cardoso RC, Puttabyatappa M. Developmental programming, a pathway to disease. Endocrinology. 2016;157(4):1328–1340. DOI:10.1210/ en.2015-1934. 8. Şanlı E, Kabaran S. Maternal obesity, maternal overnutrition and fetal programming: effects of epigenetic mechanisms on the development of metabolic disorders. Curr Genomics. 2019;20(6):419–427. DOI:10.2174/13892-02920666191118121651.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lesseur C, Chen J. Adverse maternal metabolic intrauterine environment and placental epigenetics: implications for fetal metabolic programming. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2018;5(4):531–543. DOI:10.1007/s40572-018-0215-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lesseur C, Chen J. Adverse maternal metabolic intrauterine environment and placental epigenetics: implications for fetal metabolic programming. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2018;5(4):531–543. DOI:10.1007/s40572-018-0215-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chango A, Pogribny IP. Considering maternal dietary modulators for epigenetic regulation and programming of the fetal epigenome. Nutrients. 2015;7:2748–2770. DOI:10.3390/nu7042748.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chango A, Pogribny IP. Considering maternal dietary modulators for epigenetic regulation and programming of the fetal epigenome. Nutrients. 2015;7:2748–2770. DOI:10.3390/nu7042748.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moreno-Fernandez J, Ochoa JJ, Lopez-Frias M, et al. Impact of early nutrition, physical activity and sleep on the fetal programming of disease in the pregnancy: J. Nutr. 2020;12(12):3900. DOI:10.3390/nu12123900.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moreno-Fernandez J, Ochoa JJ, Lopez-Frias M, et al. Impact of early nutrition, physical activity and sleep on the fetal programming of disease in the pregnancy: J. Nutr. 2020;12(12):3900. DOI:10.3390/nu12123900.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng J, Xiao X, Zhang Q, et al. DNA methylation: The pivotal interaction between early-life nutrition and glucose metabolism in later life. J. Nutr. 2014;112:1850 1857. DOI:10.1017/S0007114514002827.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng J, Xiao X, Zhang Q, et al. DNA methylation: The pivotal interaction between early-life nutrition and glucose metabolism in later life. J. Nutr. 2014;112:1850 1857. DOI:10.1017/S0007114514002827.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marciniak A, Patro-Małysza J, Kimber-Trojnar Ż, et al. Fetal programming of the metabolic syndrome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Apr;56(2):133–138. DOI:10.1016/j.tjog.2017.02.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marciniak A, Patro-Małysza J, Kimber-Trojnar Ż, et al. Fetal programming of the metabolic syndrome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Apr;56(2):133–138. DOI:10.1016/j.tjog.2017.02.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fernandez-Twinn DS, Constância M, Ozanne SE. Intergenerational epigenetic inheritance in models of developmental programming of adult disease. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2015;43:85–95. DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.08.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fernandez-Twinn DS, Constância M, Ozanne SE. Intergenerational epigenetic inheritance in models of developmental programming of adult disease. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2015;43:85–95. DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.08.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rhee JS, Saben JL, Mayer AL, et al. Diet-induced obesity impairs endometrial stromal cell decidualization: A potential role for impaired autophagy. Hum. Reprod. 2016;31:1315–1326. DOI:10.1093/humrep/dew048.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rhee JS, Saben JL, Mayer AL, et al. Diet-induced obesity impairs endometrial stromal cell decidualization: A potential role for impaired autophagy. Hum. Reprod. 2016;31:1315–1326. DOI:10.1093/humrep/dew048.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He M, Curran P, Raker C, et al. Placental findings associated with maternal obesity at early pregnancy. Pathol. Res. Pract. 2016;212:282–287. DOI:10.1016/j.prp.2016.01.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He M, Curran P, Raker C, et al. Placental findings associated with maternal obesity at early pregnancy. Pathol. Res. Pract. 2016;212:282–287. DOI:10.1016/j.prp.2016.01.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loardi C, Falchetti M, Prefumo F, et al. Placental morphology in pregnancies associated with pregravid obesity. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016; 29(16):2611–6. DOI:10.3109/14767058.2015.1094056.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loardi C, Falchetti M, Prefumo F, et al. Placental morphology in pregnancies associated with pregravid obesity. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016; 29(16):2611–6. DOI:10.3109/14767058.2015.1094056.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nogues P, Dos Santos E, Couturier-Tarrade A, et al. Maternal Obesity Influences Placental Nutrient Transport, Inflammatory Status, and Morphology in Human Term Placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(4):e1880-e1896. DOI:10.1210/clinem/dgaa660.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nogues P, Dos Santos E, Couturier-Tarrade A, et al. Maternal Obesity Influences Placental Nutrient Transport, Inflammatory Status, and Morphology in Human Term Placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(4):e1880-e1896. DOI:10.1210/clinem/dgaa660.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beneventi F, Bellingeri C, De Maggio I, et al. Placental pathologic features in obesity. Placenta. 2023 Dec;144:1–7. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2023.10.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beneventi F, Bellingeri C, De Maggio I, et al. Placental pathologic features in obesity. Placenta. 2023 Dec;144:1–7. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2023.10.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avagliano L, Monari F, Po’ G, et al. The Burden of Placental Histopathology in Stillbirths Associated With Maternal Obesity. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020;7;154(2):225 235. DOI:10.1093/ajcp/aqaa035.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avagliano L, Monari F, Po’ G, et al. The Burden of Placental Histopathology in Stillbirths Associated With Maternal Obesity. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020;7;154(2):225 235. DOI:10.1093/ajcp/aqaa035.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brouwers L, Franx A, Vogelvang TE, et al. Association of maternal prepregnancy body mass index with placental histopathological characteristics in uncomplicated term pregnancies. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 2019;22:45–52. DOI:10.1177/1093526618785838.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brouwers L, Franx A, Vogelvang TE, et al. Association of maternal prepregnancy body mass index with placental histopathological characteristics in uncomplicated term pregnancies. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 2019;22:45–52. DOI:10.1177/1093526618785838.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wallace JG, Bellissimo CJ, Yeo E, et al. Obesity during pregnancy results in maternal intestinal inflammation, placental hypoxia, and alters fetal glucose metabolism at mid-gestation. Sci Rep. 2019 Nov 26;9(1):17621. DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-54098-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wallace JG, Bellissimo CJ, Yeo E, et al. Obesity during pregnancy results in maternal intestinal inflammation, placental hypoxia, and alters fetal glucose metabolism at mid-gestation. Sci Rep. 2019 Nov 26;9(1):17621. DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-54098-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brett KE, Ferraro ZM, Yockell-Lelievre J, et al. Maternal-fetal nutrient transport in pregnancy pathologies: the role of the placenta. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(9):16153–85. DOI:10.3390/ijms150916153.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brett KE, Ferraro ZM, Yockell-Lelievre J, et al. Maternal-fetal nutrient transport in pregnancy pathologies: the role of the placenta. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(9):16153–85. DOI:10.3390/ijms150916153.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Howell KR, Powell TL. Effects of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal development. Reproduction. 2017;153(3):R97–R108. DOI:10.1530/REP-16-0615.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Howell KR, Powell TL. Effects of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal development. Reproduction. 2017;153(3):R97–R108. DOI:10.1530/REP-16-0615.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dumolt JH, Powell TL, Jansson T. Placental Function and the Development of Fetal Overgrowth and Fetal Growth Restriction. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2021;48(2):247–266. DOI:10.1016/j.ogc.2021.02.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dumolt JH, Powell TL, Jansson T. Placental Function and the Development of Fetal Overgrowth and Fetal Growth Restriction. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2021;48(2):247–266. DOI:10.1016/j.ogc.2021.02.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muralimanoharan S, Maloyan A, Myatt L. Mitochondrial function and glucose metabolism in the placenta with gestational diabetes mellitus: role of miR-143. Clin Sci (Lond). 2016 Jun 1;130(11):931–41. DOI:10.1042/CS20160086.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muralimanoharan S, Maloyan A, Myatt L. Mitochondrial function and glucose metabolism in the placenta with gestational diabetes mellitus: role of miR-143. Clin Sci (Lond). 2016 Jun 1;130(11):931–41. DOI:10.1042/CS20160086.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Armistead B, Johnson E, VanderKamp R, et al. Placental Regulation of Energy Homeostasis During Human Pregnancy. Endocrinology. 2020;161(7):bqaa076. DOI:10.1210/endocr/bqaa076.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armistead B, Johnson E, VanderKamp R, et al. Placental Regulation of Energy Homeostasis During Human Pregnancy. Endocrinology. 2020;161(7):bqaa076. DOI:10.1210/endocr/bqaa076.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown K, Heller DS, Zamudio S, et al. Glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) protein expression in human placenta across gestation. J Placenta. 2011;32:1041–1049. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2011.08.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown K, Heller DS, Zamudio S, et al. Glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) protein expression in human placenta across gestation. J Placenta. 2011;32:1041–1049. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2011.08.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acosta O, Ramirez VI, Lager S, et al. Increased glucose and placental GLUT-1 in large infants of obese nondiabetic mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212(2):227. e1–7. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.09.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acosta O, Ramirez VI, Lager S, et al. Increased glucose and placental GLUT-1 in large infants of obese nondiabetic mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212(2):227. e1–7. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.09.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kabaran S, Besler HT. Do fatty acids affect fetal programming? J Health Popul Nutr. 2015 Aug 13;33:14. DOI:10.1186/s41043-015-0014-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kabaran S, Besler HT. Do fatty acids affect fetal programming? J Health Popul Nutr. 2015 Aug 13;33:14. DOI:10.1186/s41043-015-0014-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fattuoni C, Mandò C, Palmas F, et al. Preliminary metabolomics analysis of placenta in maternal obesity. Placenta. 2018;61:89–95. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2017.11.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fattuoni C, Mandò C, Palmas F, et al. Preliminary metabolomics analysis of placenta in maternal obesity. Placenta. 2018;61:89–95. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2017.11.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duttaroy AK, Basak S. Maternal Fatty Acid Metabolism in Pregnancy and Its Consequences in the Feto Placental Development. Front Physiol. 2022;12:787848. DOI:10.3389/fphys.2021.787848.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duttaroy AK, Basak S. Maternal Fatty Acid Metabolism in Pregnancy and Its Consequences in the Feto Placental Development. Front Physiol. 2022;12:787848. DOI:10.3389/fphys.2021.787848.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heerwagen MJR, Gumina DL, Hernandez TL, et al. Placental lipoprotein lipase activity is positively associated with newborn adiposity. Placenta. 2018;64:53 60. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2018.03.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heerwagen MJR, Gumina DL, Hernandez TL, et al. Placental lipoprotein lipase activity is positively associated with newborn adiposity. Placenta. 2018;64:53 60. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2018.03.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Innis SM. Fatty acids and early human development. Early Hum Dev. 2007;83(12):761–766. DOI:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.09.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Innis SM. Fatty acids and early human development. Early Hum Dev. 2007;83(12):761–766. DOI:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.09.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schaefer-Graf UM, Meitzner K, Ortega Senovilla H, et al. Differences in the implications of том 12 № 3 / 2025 maternal lipids on fetal metabolism and growth between gestational diabetes mellitus and control pregnancies. Diabet. Med. 2011;28:1053–1059. DOI:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03350.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schaefer-Graf UM, Meitzner K, Ortega Senovilla H, et al. Differences in the implications of том 12 № 3 / 2025 maternal lipids on fetal metabolism and growth between gestational diabetes mellitus and control pregnancies. Diabet. Med. 2011;28:1053–1059. DOI:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03350.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Segura MT, Demmelmair H, Krauss-Etschmann S, et al. Maternal BMI and gestational diabetes alter placental lipid transporters and fatty acid composition. Placenta. 2017;57:144–51. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2017.07.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Segura MT, Demmelmair H, Krauss-Etschmann S, et al. Maternal BMI and gestational diabetes alter placental lipid transporters and fatty acid composition. Placenta. 2017;57:144–51. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2017.07.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lager S, Ramirez VI, Gaccioli F, et al. Protein expression of fatty acid transporter 2 is polarized to the trophoblast basal plasma membrane and increased in placentas from overweight/obese women. Placenta. 2016;40:60–66. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2016.03.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lager S, Ramirez VI, Gaccioli F, et al. Protein expression of fatty acid transporter 2 is polarized to the trophoblast basal plasma membrane and increased in placentas from overweight/obese women. Placenta. 2016;40:60–66. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2016.03.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calabuig-Navarro V, Haghiac M, Minium J, et al. Effect of maternal obesity on placental lipid metabolism. Endocrinology. 2017;158:2543–2555. en.2017-00155. DOI:10.1210/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calabuig-Navarro V, Haghiac M, Minium J, et al. Effect of maternal obesity on placental lipid metabolism. Endocrinology. 2017;158:2543–2555. en.2017-00155. DOI:10.1210/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore GS, Allshouse AA, Fisher BM, et al. Can Fetal Limb Soft Tissue Measurements in the Third Trimester Predict Neonatal Adiposity? J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35:1915–1924. DOI:10.7863/ultra.15.08058.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore GS, Allshouse AA, Fisher BM, et al. Can Fetal Limb Soft Tissue Measurements in the Third Trimester Predict Neonatal Adiposity? J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35:1915–1924. DOI:10.7863/ultra.15.08058.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saben J, Lindsey F, Zhong Y, et al. Maternal obesity is associated with a lipotoxic placental environment. Placenta. 2014;35(3):171–7. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.12.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saben J, Lindsey F, Zhong Y, et al. Maternal obesity is associated with a lipotoxic placental environment. Placenta. 2014;35(3):171–7. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.12.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rasool A, Mahmoud T, Mathyk B, et al. Obesity downregulates lipid metabolism genes in first trimester placenta. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):19368. DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-23847-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rasool A, Mahmoud T, Mathyk B, et al. Obesity downregulates lipid metabolism genes in first trimester placenta. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):19368. DOI:10.1038/s41598 022-23847-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prieto-Sanchez MT, Ruiz-Palacios M, Blanco Carnero JE, et al. Placental MFSD2a transporter is related to decreased DHA in cord blood of women with treated gestational diabetes. Clin. Nutr. 2017;36:513–521. DOI:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.03.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prieto-Sanchez MT, Ruiz-Palacios M, Blanco Carnero JE, et al. Placental MFSD2a transporter is related to decreased DHA in cord blood of women with treated gestational diabetes. Clin. Nutr. 2017;36:513–521. DOI:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.03.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanchez-Campillo M, Ruiz-Palacios M, Ruiz Alcaraz AJ, et al. Child head circumference and placental MFSD2a expression are associated to the level of MFSD2a in maternal blood during pregnancy. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2020;11:38. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2020.00038.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanchez-Campillo M, Ruiz-Palacios M, Ruiz Alcaraz AJ, et al. Child head circumference and placental MFSD2a expression are associated to the level of MFSD2a in maternal blood during pregnancy. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2020;11:38. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2020.00038.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gallo LA, Barrett HL, Dekker M. Placental transport and metabolism of energy substrates in maternal obesity and diabetes. Nitert. 2017;54:59–67. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gallo LA, Barrett HL, Dekker M. Placental transport and metabolism of energy substrates in maternal obesity and diabetes. Nitert. 2017;54:59–67. DOI:10.1016/j. placenta.2016.12.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Desforges M, Mynett KJ, Jones RL, et al. The SNAT4 isoform of the system A amino acid transporter is functional in human placental microvillous plasma membrane. J. Physiol. 2009;587:61–72. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.163353.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desforges M, Mynett KJ, Jones RL, et al. The SNAT4 isoform of the system A amino acid transporter is functional in human placental microvillous plasma membrane. J. Physiol. 2009;587:61–72. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.163353.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cleal JK, Glazier JD, Ntani G, et al. Facilitated transporters mediate net efflux of amino acids to the fetus across the basal membrane of the placental syncytiotrophoblast. J. Physiol. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.198946. 2011;589:987–997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cleal JK, Glazier JD, Ntani G, et al. Facilitated transporters mediate net efflux of amino acids to the fetus across the basal membrane of the placental syncytiotrophoblast. J. Physiol. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.198946. 2011;589:987–997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones HN, Woollett LA, Barbour N, et al. High fat diet before and during pregnancy causes marked up-regulation of placental nutrient transport and fetal overgrowth in C57/BL6 mice, J. FASEB. 2009;23(1):271–8. DOI:10.1096/fj.08-112343.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones HN, Woollett LA, Barbour N, et al. High fat diet before and during pregnancy causes marked up-regulation of placental nutrient transport and fetal overgrowth in C57/BL6 mice, J. FASEB. 2009;23(1):271–8. DOI:10.1096/fj.08-112343.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jansson N, Rosario FJ, Gaccioli F, et al. Activation of placental mTOR signaling and amino acid transporters in obese women giving birth to large babies. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2012;98(1):105 113. DOI:10.1210/jc.2012-2594.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jansson N, Rosario FJ, Gaccioli F, et al. Activation of placental mTOR signaling and amino acid transporters in obese women giving birth to large babies. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2012;98(1):105 113. DOI:10.1210/jc.2012-2594.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Díaz P, Powell TL, Jansson T. The role of placental nutrient sensing in maternal-fetal resource allocation. Biol Reprod. 2014;91(4):82. DOI:10.1095/ biolreprod.114.122847.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Díaz P, Powell TL, Jansson T. The role of placental nutrient sensing in maternal-fetal resource allocation. Biol Reprod. 2014;91(4):82. DOI:10.1095/ biolreprod.114.122847.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saben J, Lindsey F, Zhong Y, et al. Maternal obesity is associated with a lipotoxic placental environment. Placenta. 2014 Mar;35(3):171–7. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.12.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saben J, Lindsey F, Zhong Y, et al. Maternal obesity is associated with a lipotoxic placental environment. Placenta. 2014 Mar;35(3):171–7. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.12.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saben J, Zhong Y, Gomez-Acevedo H, et al. Early growth response protein-1 mediates lipotoxicity associated placental inflammation: role in maternal obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013;305(1):E1–14. DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.00085.2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saben J, Zhong Y, Gomez-Acevedo H, et al. Early growth response protein-1 mediates lipotoxicity associated placental inflammation: role in maternal obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013;305(1):E1–14. DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.00085.2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Challier JC, Basu S, Bintein T, et al. Obesity in pregnancy stimulates macrophage accumulation and inflammation in the placent. Placenta. 2008;29(3):274–81. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2007.12.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Challier JC, Basu S, Bintein T, et al. Obesity in pregnancy stimulates macrophage accumulation and inflammation in the placent. Placenta. 2008;29(3):274–81. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2007.12.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brombach C, Tong W, Giussani DA. Maternal obesity: new placental paradigms unfolded. Trends Mol Med. 2022;28(10):823–835. DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2022.08.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brombach C, Tong W, Giussani DA. Maternal obesity: new placental paradigms unfolded. Trends Mol Med. 2022;28(10):823–835. DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2022.08.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aye ILMH, Lager S, Ramirez VI, et al. Increasing maternal body mass index is associated with systemic inflammation in the mother and the activation of distinct placental inflammatory pathways. Biol Reprod. 2014;90(6):129. DOI:10.1095/biolreprod.114.118944.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aye ILMH, Lager S, Ramirez VI, et al. Increasing maternal body mass index is associated with systemic inflammation in the mother and the activation of distinct placental inflammatory pathways. Biol Reprod. 2014;90(6):129. DOI:10.1095/biolreprod.114.118944.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simon B, Bucher M, Maloyan A. A primary human trophoblast model to study the effect of inflammation associ ated with maternal obesity on regulation of autophagy in the placenta. J Vis Exp. 2017;127:56–84. DOI:10.3791/56484.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simon B, Bucher M, Maloyan A. A primary human trophoblast model to study the effect of inflammation associ ated with maternal obesity on regulation of autophagy in the placenta. J Vis Exp. 2017;127:56–84. DOI:10.3791/56484.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Linnemann K, Malek A, Sager R, et al. Leptin production and release in the dually in vitro perfused human placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:4298–4301. DOI:10.1210/jcem.85.11.7013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Linnemann K, Malek A, Sager R, et al. Leptin production and release in the dually in vitro perfused human placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:4298–4301. DOI:10.1210/jcem.85.11.7013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levine B, Mizushima N, Virgin HW. Autophagy in immunity and inflammation. Nature. 2011;469(7330):323 335. DOI:10.1038/nature09783.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levine B, Mizushima N, Virgin HW. Autophagy in immunity and inflammation. Nature. 2011;469(7330):323 335. DOI:10.1038/nature09783.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang C-S, et al. Autophagy protein rubicon mediates phagocytic NADPH oxidase activation in response to microbial infection or TLR stimulation. Cell Host &amp; Microbe. 2012;11(3):264–276. DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2012.01.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang C-S, et al. Autophagy protein rubicon mediates phagocytic NADPH oxidase activation in response to microbial infection or TLR stimulation. Cell Host &amp; Microbe. 2012;11(3):264–276. DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2012.01.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zi Z, et al. Rubicon deficiency enhances cardiac autophagy and protects mice from lipopolysaccharide induced lethality and reduction in stroke volume. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2015;65(3):252–261. DOI:10.1097/ FJC.0000000000000188.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zi Z, et al. Rubicon deficiency enhances cardiac autophagy and protects mice from lipopolysaccharide induced lethality and reduction in stroke volume. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2015;65(3):252–261. DOI:10.1097/ FJC.0000000000000188.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perrone S, Santacroce A, Picardi A, et al. Fetal programming and early identification of newborns at high risk of free radical-mediated diseases. World J Clin Pediatr. 2016;5(2):172–81. DOI:10.5409/wjcp.v5.i2.172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perrone S, Santacroce A, Picardi A, et al. Fetal programming and early identification of newborns at high risk of free radical-mediated diseases. World J Clin Pediatr. 2016;5(2):172–81. DOI:10.5409/wjcp.v5.i2.172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santos-Rosendo C, Bugatto F, González Domínguez A, et al. Placental adaptive changes to protect function and decrease oxidative damage in metabolically healthy maternal obesity. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(9):794. DOI:10.3390/antiox9090794.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santos-Rosendo C, Bugatto F, González Domínguez A, et al. Placental adaptive changes to protect function and decrease oxidative damage in metabolically healthy maternal obesity. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(9):794. DOI:10.3390/antiox9090794.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pereira RD, De Long NE, Wang RC, et al. Angiogenesis in the placenta: the role of reactive oxygen species signaling. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:814543. DOI:10.1155/2015/814543.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pereira RD, De Long NE, Wang RC, et al. Angiogenesis in the placenta: the role of reactive oxygen species signaling. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:814543. DOI:10.1155/2015/814543.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu C, Yang Y, Li J, et al. Maternal diet induced obesity compromises oxidative stress status and angiogenesis in the porcine placenta by upregulating Nox2 expression. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019:2019:2481592. DOI:10.1155/2019/2481592.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu C, Yang Y, Li J, et al. Maternal diet induced obesity compromises oxidative stress status and angiogenesis in the porcine placenta by upregulating Nox2 expression. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019:2019:2481592. DOI:10.1155/2019/2481592.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu C, Yan Y, Ji F, et al. Maternal obesity increases oxidative stress in placenta and it is associated with intestinal microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:671347. DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2021.671347.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu C, Yan Y, Ji F, et al. Maternal obesity increases oxidative stress in placenta and it is associated with intestinal microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:671347. DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2021.671347.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parrettini S, Caroli A, Torlone E. Nutrition and metabolic adaptations in physiological and complicated pregnancy: focus on obesity and gestational diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:611929. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2020.611929.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parrettini S, Caroli A, Torlone E. Nutrition and metabolic adaptations in physiological and complicated pregnancy: focus on obesity and gestational diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:611929. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2020.611929.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Musial B, Vaughan OR, Fernandez-Twinn DS, et al. A Western-style obesogenic diet alters maternal metabolic phys iology with consequences for fetal nutrient acquisition in mice. J Physiol. 2017;595:4875–4892. DOI:10.1113/JP274100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musial B, Vaughan OR, Fernandez-Twinn DS, et al. A Western-style obesogenic diet alters maternal metabolic phys iology with consequences for fetal nutrient acquisition in mice. J Physiol. 2017;595:4875–4892. DOI:10.1113/JP274100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Musa E, Salazar-Petres E, Arowolo A, et al. Obesity and gestational diabetes independently and collectively induce specific effects on placental structure, inflammation and endocrine function in a cohort of South African women. J Physiol. 2023;601(7):1287–1306. DOI:10.1113/JP284346.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musa E, Salazar-Petres E, Arowolo A, et al. Obesity and gestational diabetes independently and collectively induce specific effects on placental structure, inflammation and endocrine function in a cohort of South African women. J Physiol. 2023;601(7):1287–1306. DOI:10.1113/JP284346.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hufnagel A, Dearden L, Fernandez-Twinn DS, et al. Programming of cardiometabolic health: the role of maternal and fetal hyperinsulinaemia. J Endocrinol. 2022;253(2):R47–R63. DOI:10.1530/JOE-21-0268.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hufnagel A, Dearden L, Fernandez-Twinn DS, et al. Programming of cardiometabolic health: the role of maternal and fetal hyperinsulinaemia. J Endocrinol. 2022;253(2):R47–R63. DOI:10.1530/JOE-21-0268.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lynch TA, Westen E, Li D, et al. Stillbirth in women with diabetes: a retrospective analysis of fetal autopsy reports. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2020;Jun;35(11):2091–2098. DOI:10.1080/1476-7058.2020.1779213.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lynch TA, Westen E, Li D, et al. Stillbirth in women with diabetes: a retrospective analysis of fetal autopsy reports. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2020;Jun;35(11):2091–2098. DOI:10.1080/1476-7058.2020.1779213.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aye ILMH, Rosario FJ, Powell TL, et al. Adiponectin supplementation in pregnant mice prevents the adverse effects of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(41):12858 63. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1511222112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aye ILMH, Rosario FJ, Powell TL, et al. Adiponectin supplementation in pregnant mice prevents the adverse effects of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(41):12858 63. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1511222112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qiao L, Wattez JS, Lee S, et al. Adiponectin Deficiency Impairs Maternal Metabolic Adaptation to Pregnancy in Mice. Diabetes. 2017;66(5):1126–1135. DOI:10.2337/db16-1127.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qiao L, Wattez JS, Lee S, et al. Adiponectin Deficiency Impairs Maternal Metabolic Adaptation to Pregnancy in Mice. Diabetes. 2017;66(5):1126–1135. DOI:10.2337/db16-1127.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lis-Kuberka J, Pupek M, Orczyk-Pawiłowicz M. The Mother-Child Dyad Adipokine Pattern: A Review of Current Knowledge. Nutrients. 2023;15(18):4059. DOI:10.3390/nu15184059.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lis-Kuberka J, Pupek M, Orczyk-Pawiłowicz M. The Mother-Child Dyad Adipokine Pattern: A Review of Current Knowledge. Nutrients. 2023;15(18):4059. DOI:10.3390/nu15184059.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matjila M, Millar R, Van Der Spuy Z, et al. Elevated placental expression at the maternal-fetal interface but diminished maternal circulatory kisspeptin in preeclamptic pregnancies. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2016;6(1):79–87. DOI:10.1016/j.preghy.2015.11.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matjila M, Millar R, Van Der Spuy Z, et al. Elevated placental expression at the maternal-fetal interface but diminished maternal circulatory kisspeptin in preeclamptic pregnancies. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2016;6(1):79–87. DOI:10.1016/j.preghy.2015.11.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Lopez-Tello J, Napso T, et al. Exploring the causes and consequences of maternal metabolic maladaptations during pregnancy. Placenta. 2020;98:43–51. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2020.06.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Lopez-Tello J, Napso T, et al. Exploring the causes and consequences of maternal metabolic maladaptations during pregnancy. Placenta. 2020;98:43–51. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2020.06.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muralimanoharan S, Guo C, Myatt L, et al. Sexual dimorphism in miR-210 expression and mitochondrial dysfunction in the placenta with maternal obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39(8):1274–81. DOI:10.1038/ijo.2015.53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muralimanoharan S, Guo C, Myatt L, et al. Sexual dimorphism in miR-210 expression and mitochondrial dysfunction in the placenta with maternal obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39(8):1274–81. DOI:10.1038/ijo.2015.53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thum T, Galuppo P, Wolf C, et al. J. MicroRNAs in the human heart: a clue to fetal gene reprogramming in heart failure. Circulation. 2007;116(3):258–67. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.687941.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thum T, Galuppo P, Wolf C, et al. J. MicroRNAs in the human heart: a clue to fetal gene reprogramming in heart failure. Circulation. 2007;116(3):258–67. DOI:10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.107.687941.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beetch M, Alejandro EU. Placental mTOR Signaling and Sexual Dimorphism in Metabolic Health across the Lifespan of Offspring. Children (Basel). 2021;8(11):970. DOI:10.3390/children8110970.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beetch M, Alejandro EU. Placental mTOR Signaling and Sexual Dimorphism in Metabolic Health across the Lifespan of Offspring. Children (Basel). 2021;8(11):970. DOI:10.3390/children8110970.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bale TL. The placenta and neurodevelopment: sex differences in prenatal vulnerability. dialogues clin. Neurosci. 2016;18:459–464. DOI:10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.4/tbale.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bale TL. The placenta and neurodevelopment: sex differences in prenatal vulnerability. dialogues clin. Neurosci. 2016;18:459–464. DOI:10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.4/tbale.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muralimanoharan S, Gao X, Weintraub S, et al. Sexual dimorphism in activation of placental autophagy in obese women with evidence for fetal programming from a placenta-specific mouse model. Autophagy. 2016;12(5):752 69. DOI:10.1080/15548627.2016.1159330.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muralimanoharan S, Gao X, Weintraub S, et al. Sexual dimorphism in activation of placental autophagy in obese women with evidence for fetal programming from a placenta-specific mouse model. Autophagy. 2016;12(5):752 69. DOI:10.1080/15548627.2016.1159330.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tarrade A, Panchenko P, Junien C, et al. Placental contribution to nutritional programming of health and diseases: epigenetics and sexual dimorphism. J Exp Biol. 2015;218(Pt 1):50–8. DOI:10.1242/jeb.107475.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarrade A, Panchenko P, Junien C, et al. Placental contribution to nutritional programming of health and diseases: epigenetics and sexual dimorphism. J Exp Biol. 2015;218(Pt 1):50–8. DOI:10.1242/jeb.107475.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Powell TL, Uhlson C, Madi L, et al. Fetal sex differences in placental LCPUFA ether and plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine contents in pregnancies complicated by obesity. Biol Sex Differ. 2023;14(1):66. DOI:10.1186/s13293-023-00543-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Powell TL, Uhlson C, Madi L, et al. Fetal sex differences in placental LCPUFA ether and plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine contents in pregnancies complicated by obesity. Biol Sex Differ. 2023;14(1):66. DOI:10.1186/s13293-023-00543-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Powell TL, Barner K, Madi L, et al. Sex-Specific Responses in Placental Fatty Acid Oxidation, Esterification and Transfer Capacity to Maternal Obesity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids. 2021;1866:158861. DOI:10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158861.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Powell TL, Barner K, Madi L, et al. Sex-Specific Responses in Placental Fatty Acid Oxidation, Esterification and Transfer Capacity to Maternal Obesity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids. 2021;1866:158861. DOI:10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158861.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim DW, Young SL, Grattan DR, et al. Obesity during pregnancy disrupts placental morphology, cell proliferation, and inflammation in a sex-specific manner across gestation in the mouse. Biol Reprod. 2014;90(6):130. DOI:10.1095/biolreprod.114.118945.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim DW, Young SL, Grattan DR, et al. Obesity during pregnancy disrupts placental morphology, cell proliferation, and inflammation in a sex-specific manner across gestation in the mouse. Biol Reprod. 2014;90(6):130. DOI:10.1095/biolreprod.114.118945.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tozour J, Hughes F, Carrier A, et al. Prenatal hyperglycemia exposure and cellular stress, a sugar coated view of early programming of metabolic diseases. Biomolecules. 2020;10(10):1359. DOI:10.3390/biom10101359.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tozour J, Hughes F, Carrier A, et al. Prenatal hyperglycemia exposure and cellular stress, a sugar coated view of early programming of metabolic diseases. Biomolecules. 2020;10(10):1359. DOI:10.3390/biom10101359.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
