<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">transmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Трансляционная медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Translational Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2311-4495</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-5155</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18705/2311-4495-2022-9-2-37-49</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">transmed-694</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СЕРДЕЧНО-СОСУДИСТЫЕ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Спектр непатогенных вариантов в гене тайтина и генах внутри- и внесаркомерного цитоскелета (TTN, MYBPC3, FLNC, RBM20) у пациентов с различными вариантами кардиомиопатий</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Spectrum of non-pathogenic variants in the titin gene and genes outside and intra-carcomeric cytoskeleton (TTN, MYBPC3, FLNC, RBM20) in patients with various variants of cardiomyopathy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8911-1927</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вахрушев</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vakhrushev</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вахрушев Юрий Алексеевич, ассистент кафедры клинической лабораторной диагностики и генетики</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuriy A. Vakhrushev, assistant of the Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics and Genetics</p><p>Akkuratova str., 2, Saint Petersburg, 197341</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">thevakhr@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муравьев</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Muravyov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Муравьев Алексей Сергеевич, лаборант-исследователь НИЛ молекулярного и клеточного моделирования и генной терапии НЦМУ «Центр персонализированной медицины», клинический ординатор кафедры детских болезней Института медицинского образования</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey S. Muravyov, laboratory researcher at the Research Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Modeling and Gene Therapy, World-Class Research Centre for Personalized Medicine, Clinical Resident of the Department of Children’s Diseases of the Institute of Medical Education</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">myravyoval@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0656-7967</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козырева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozyreva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Козырева Александра Анатольевна, к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник Института молекулярной биологии и генетики</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandra A. Kozyreva, Ph.D., Senior Researcher, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">klyshina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0228-8373</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жук</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhuk</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жук Сергей Владимирович, младший научный сотрудник НИЛ молекулярного и клеточного моделирования и генной терапии НЦМУ «Центр персонализированной медицины»</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey V. Zhuk, Junior Researcher, Research Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Modeling and Gene Therapy, World-Class Research Centre for Personalized Medicine</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">s.v.zhuk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-9772</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ротарь</surname><given-names>О. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rotar`</surname><given-names>O. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ротарь Оксана Петровна, к.м.н., заведующий НИЛ эпидемиологии  артериальной  гипертензии </p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oksana P. Rotar’, Ph.D., Head of the Research Laboratory for the Epidemiology of Arterial Hypertension</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rotar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9349-6257</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костарева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostareva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Костарева Анна Александровна, д.м.н., директор Института молекулярной биологии и генетики</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna A. Kostareva, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Director of the Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">akostareva@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Вахрушев Ю.А., Муравьев А.С., Козырева А.А., Жук С.В., Ротарь О.П., Костарева А.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вахрушев Ю.А., Муравьев А.С., Козырева А.А., Жук С.В., Ротарь О.П., Костарева А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vakhrushev Y.A., Muravyov A.S., Kozyreva A.A., Zhuk S.V., Rotar` O.P., Kostareva A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/694">https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/694</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Гены белков саркомера, такие как MYBPC3, FLNC, TTN, RBM20, ассоциированы с развитием кардиомиопатий (КМП). Большое количество редких генетических вариантов затрудняет интерпретацию генетических исследований и оценку степени патогенности выявленных вариантов. Последнее осложняется отсутствием единой информационной базы с данными по частоте редких вариантов в условно здоровой российской популяции. Полиморфизмы в данных генах зачастую выступают в качестве модификаторов, отягощая клиническое течение КМП, обусловленных мутациями в других генах.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Сравнить частоту редких (менее 0,1 %) миссенс- и укорачивающих вариантов в генах TTN, FLNC, MYBPC3, RBM20 в группе пациентов с КМП и в общей популяции.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В группу КМП включен 251 пациент. В контрольную группу включены 192 мужчины (из исследования ЭССЕ-РФ). Было выполнено молекулярно-генетическое обследование при помощи технологии высокопроцессивного секвенирования с последующей верификацией выявленных генетических вариантов секвенированием по Сэнгеру.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Частота укорачивающих вариантов в генах TTN, FLNC, MYBPC3, RBM20 в группе больных КМП составила 7,17 %, а миссенс-вариантов — 56,6 %. 1,5 % из них являлись патогенными, 10 % — вероятно патогенными, 39,5 % — вариантами неопределенной значимости, 31 % — вероятно доброкачественными и 18 % — доброкачественными. Частота укорачивающих вариантов в генах TTN, FLNC, MYBPC3, RBM20 в контрольной группе составила 0,52 %, а миссенс-вариантов — 15,1 %. 38 % из них являлись вариантами неопределенной значимости, 58,6 % — вероятно доброкачественными и 3,4 % — доброкачественными.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Выявлена повышенная частота миссенс- и укорачивающих вариантов с частотой менее 0,1 % в генах TTN, FLNC, MYBPC3, RBM20 в группе пациентов с различными видами КМП.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Sarcomere protein genes such as MYBPC3, FLNC, TTN, RBM20 are associated with cardiomyopathies (CMP). A large number of rare genetic variants complicates the interpretation genetic studies and assessing the pathogenicity. Moreover, there is a lack of an information about rare variants frequency in a healthy Russian population. Polymorphisms in these genes often act as modifiers, aggravating the clinical course of CMP caused by mutations in other genes.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To compare the frequency of rare (less than 0.1 %) missense and truncating variants in the TTN, FLNC, MYBPC3, RBM20 genes in the patients with CMP and in the general population.</p></sec><sec><title>Design and methods</title><p>Design and methods. The CMP group included 251 patients. The control group included 192 men (from the ESSE-RF study). A molecular genetic examination was performed using high-processive sequencing technology, followed by verification by Sanger sequencing.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The frequency of truncating variants in the genes TTN, FLNC, MYBPC3, RBM20 in the group with CMP was 7.17 %, and missense variants — 56.6 %: 11.5 % were pathogenic/likely pathogenic, 39.5 % — variants of uncertain significance, 49 % — probably benign/benign. The frequency of truncating variants in the TTN, FLNC, MYBPC3, RBM20 genes in the control group was 0.52 %, and the frequency of missense variants was 15.1 %: 38 % were variants of uncertain significance, 62 % — probably benign/benign.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Frequency of missense and truncating variants with a frequency of less than 0.1 % in the TTN, FLNC, MYBPC3, RBM20 genes was increased in the group of patients with CMP.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>высокопроцессивное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>кардиомиопатии</kwd><kwd>миозин-связывающий белок C</kwd><kwd>РБМ20</kwd><kwd>тайтин</kwd><kwd>филамин С</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cardiomyopathy</kwd><kwd>filamin C</kwd><kwd>myosin binding protein C</kwd><kwd>next generation sequencing</kwd><kwd>RBM20</kwd><kwd>titin</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда № 20-15-00271.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation No. 20-15-00271.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шляхто Е.В. Кардиология. Национальное руководство. Краткое издание, 2-е изд. перераб. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа. 816 с., 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shlyakhto EV. Cardiology. National guide. Short edition, 2nd ed., Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, p. 816, 2019. In Russian.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pugh TJ, Kelly MA, Gowrisankar S, et al. The landscape of genetic variation in dilated cardiomyopathy as surveyed by clinical DNA sequencing. Genet Med. 2014; 16(8):601–608. DOI: 10.1038/gim.2013.204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pugh TJ, Kelly MA, Gowrisankar S, et al. The landscape of genetic variation in dilated cardiomyopathy as surveyed by clinical DNA sequencing. Genet Med. 2014; 16(8):601–608. DOI: 10.1038/gim.2013.204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lopes LR, Zekavati A, Syrris P, et al. Genetic complexity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy revealed by high-throughput sequencing. J Med Genet. 2013; 50(4):228–239. DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101270.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopes LR, Zekavati A, Syrris P, et al. Genetic complexity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy revealed by high-throughput sequencing. J Med Genet. 2013; 50(4):228–239. DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101270.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grützner A, Garcia-Manyes S, Kötter S, et al. Modulation of titin-based stiffness by disulfide bonding in the cardiac titin N2-B unique sequence. Biophys J. 2009; 97(3):825–834. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.05.037.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grützner A, Garcia-Manyes S, Kötter S, et al. Modulation of titin-based stiffness by disulfide bonding in the cardiac titin N2-B unique sequence. Biophys J. 2009; 97(3):825–834. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.05.037.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neagoe C, Opitz CA, Makarenko I, et al. Gigantic variety: expression patterns of titin isoforms in striated muscles and consequences for myofibrillar passive stiffness. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2003; 24(2-3):175–189. DOI: 10.1023/a:1026053530766.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neagoe C, Opitz CA, Makarenko I, et al. Gigantic variety: expression patterns of titin isoforms in striated muscles and consequences for myofibrillar passive stiffness. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2003; 24(2-3):175–189. DOI: 10.1023/a:1026053530766.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sedaghat-Hamedani F, Haas J, Zhu F, et al. Clinical genetics and outcome of left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2017; 38(46):3449–3460. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx545.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sedaghat-Hamedani F, Haas J, Zhu F, et al. Clinical genetics and outcome of left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2017; 38(46):3449–3460. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx545.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang XL, Xie J, Lan RF, et al. Genetic Basis and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Han Chinese Patients with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1):2226. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58984-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang XL, Xie J, Lan RF, et al. Genetic Basis and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Han Chinese Patients with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1):2226. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58984-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shibayama J, Yuzyuk TN, Cox J, et al. Metabolic remodeling in moderate synchronous versus dyssynchronous pacing-induced heart failure: integrated metabolomics and proteomics study. PLoS One. 2015; 10(3):e0118974. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118974.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shibayama J, Yuzyuk TN, Cox J, et al. Metabolic remodeling in moderate synchronous versus dyssynchronous pacing-induced heart failure: integrated metabolomics and proteomics study. PLoS One. 2015; 10(3):e0118974. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118974.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peled Y, Gramlich M, Yoskovitz G, et al. Titin mutation in familial restrictive cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2014; 171(1):24–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.11.037.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peled Y, Gramlich M, Yoskovitz G, et al. Titin mutation in familial restrictive cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2014; 171(1):24–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.11.037.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vorgerd M, van der Ven PF, Bruchertseifer V, et al. A mutation in the dimerization domain of filamin c causes a novel type of autosomal dominant myofibrillar myopathy. Am J Hum Genet. 2005; 77(2):297–304. DOI: 10.1086/431959.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vorgerd M, van der Ven PF, Bruchertseifer V, et al. A mutation in the dimerization domain of filamin c causes a novel type of autosomal dominant myofibrillar myopathy. Am J Hum Genet. 2005; 77(2):297–304. DOI: 10.1086/431959.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fürst DO, Goldfarb LG, Kley RA, et al. Filamin C-related myopathies: pathology and mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol. 2013; 125(1):33–46. DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1054-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fürst DO, Goldfarb LG, Kley RA, et al. Filamin C-related myopathies: pathology and mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol. 2013; 125(1):33–46. DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1054-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brun F, Gigli M, Graw SL, et al. FLNC truncations cause arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Med Genet. 2020; 57(4):254–257. DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106394.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brun F, Gigli M, Graw SL, et al. FLNC truncations cause arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Med Genet. 2020; 57(4):254–257. DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106394.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bains S, Tester DJ, Asirvatham SJ, et al. A Novel Truncating Variant in FLNC-Encoded Filamin C May Serve as a Proarrhythmic Genetic Substrate for Arrhythmogenic Bileaflet Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019; 94(5):906–913. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.11.028.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bains S, Tester DJ, Asirvatham SJ, et al. A Novel Truncating Variant in FLNC-Encoded Filamin C May Serve as a Proarrhythmic Genetic Substrate for Arrhythmogenic Bileaflet Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019; 94(5):906–913. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.11.028.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cui H, Wang J, Zhang C, et al. Mutation profile of FLNC gene and its prognostic relevance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2018; 6(6):1104–1113. DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.488.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cui H, Wang J, Zhang C, et al. Mutation profile of FLNC gene and its prognostic relevance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2018; 6(6):1104–1113. DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.488.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haas J, Frese KS, Peil B, et al. Atlas of the clinical genetics of human dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2015; 36(18):1123–35a. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu301.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haas J, Frese KS, Peil B, et al. Atlas of the clinical genetics of human dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2015; 36(18):1123–35a. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu301.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morita H, Rehm HL, Menesses A, et al. Shared genetic causes of cardiac hypertrophy in children and adults. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358(18):1899–908. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa075463.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morita H, Rehm HL, Menesses A, et al. Shared genetic causes of cardiac hypertrophy in children and adults. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358(18):1899–908. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa075463.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schlossarek S, Mearini G, Carrier L. Cardiac myosin-binding protein C in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2011; 50(4):613–620. DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.01.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schlossarek S, Mearini G, Carrier L. Cardiac myosin-binding protein C in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2011; 50(4):613–620. DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.01.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Dijk SJ, Dooijes D, dos Remedios C, et al. Cardiac myosin-binding protein C mutations and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: haploinsufficiency, deranged phosphorylation, and cardiomyocyte dysfunction. Circulation. 2009; 119(11):1473–1483. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.838672.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Dijk SJ, Dooijes D, dos Remedios C, et al. Cardiac myosin-binding protein C mutations and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: haploinsufficiency, deranged phosphorylation, and cardiomyocyte dysfunction. Circulation. 2009; 119(11):1473–1483. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.838672.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Dijk SJ, Paalberends ER, Najafi A, et al. Contractile dysfunction irrespective of the mutant protein in human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with normal systolic function. Circ Heart Fail. 2012; 5(1):36–46. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.963702.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Dijk SJ, Paalberends ER, Najafi A, et al. Contractile dysfunction irrespective of the mutant protein in human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with normal systolic function. Circ Heart Fail. 2012; 5(1):36–46. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.963702.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michels M, Soliman OI, Kofflard MJ, et al. Diastolic abnormalities as the first feature of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Dutch myosin-binding protein C founder mutations. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009; 2(1):58–64. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.08.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michels M, Soliman OI, Kofflard MJ, et al. Diastolic abnormalities as the first feature of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Dutch myosin-binding protein C founder mutations. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009; 2(1):58–64. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.08.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cappola TP, Li M, He J, et al. Common variants in HSPB7 and FRMD4B associated with advanced heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010; 3(2):147–154. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.898395.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cappola TP, Li M, He J, et al. Common variants in HSPB7 and FRMD4B associated with advanced heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010; 3(2):147–154. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.898395.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reza N, Owens AT. Advances in the Genetics and Genomics of Heart Failure. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020; 22(11):132. DOI: 10.1007/s11886-020-01385-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reza N, Owens AT. Advances in the Genetics and Genomics of Heart Failure. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020; 22(11):132. DOI: 10.1007/s11886-020-01385-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haggerty CM, Damrauer SM, Levin MG, et al. Genomics-First Evaluation of Heart Disease Associated With Titin-Truncating Variants. Circulation. 2019; 140(1):42–54. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.039573.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haggerty CM, Damrauer SM, Levin MG, et al. Genomics-First Evaluation of Heart Disease Associated With Titin-Truncating Variants. Circulation. 2019; 140(1):42–54. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.039573.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma J, Lu L, Guo W, et al. Emerging Role for RBM20 and its Splicing Substrates in Cardiac Function and Heart Failure. Curr Pharm Des. 2016; 22(31):4744–4751. DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666160701145322.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma J, Lu L, Guo W, et al. Emerging Role for RBM20 and its Splicing Substrates in Cardiac Function and Heart Failure. Curr Pharm Des. 2016; 22(31):4744–4751. DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666160701145322.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esslinger U, Garnier S, Korniat A, et al. Exomewide association study reveals novel susceptibility genes to sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy. PLoS One. 2017; 12(3):e0172995. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esslinger U, Garnier S, Korniat A, et al. Exomewide association study reveals novel susceptibility genes to sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy. PLoS One. 2017; 12(3):e0172995. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Научно-организационный комитет проекта ЭССЕ-РФ. Эпидемиология сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в различных регионах России (ЭССЕ-РФ). Обоснование и дизайн исследования. Профилактическая медицина. 2013; 16(6):25–34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scientific and organizing committee of the ESSE-RF project. Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in different regions of Russia (esse-rf). The rationale for and design of the study. Profilakticheskaya Meditsina. 2013; 16(6):25–34. In Russian.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kostareva A, Kiselev A, Gudkova A, et al. Genetic Spectrum of Idiopathic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Uncovered by Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One. 2016; 11(9):e0163362. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163362.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostareva A, Kiselev A, Gudkova A, et al. Genetic Spectrum of Idiopathic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Uncovered by Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One. 2016; 11(9):e0163362. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163362.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вахрушев Ю.А., Вершинина Т.Л., Федотов П.А. и др. Некомпактный миокард левого желудочка, ассоциированный с укорачивающими вариантами в гене тайтина (TTN). Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020; 25(10):4027. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vakhrushev YuA, Vershinina TI, Fedotov PA, et al. Left ventricular noncompaction associated with titintruncating variants in the TTN gene. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020; 25(10):4027. In Russian. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burns C, Bagnall RD, Lam L, et al. Multiple Gene Variants in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in the Era of Next-Generation Sequencing. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2017; 10(4):e001666. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.116.001666.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burns C, Bagnall RD, Lam L, et al. Multiple Gene Variants in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in the Era of Next-Generation Sequencing. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2017; 10(4):e001666. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.116.001666.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McNally EM, Mestroni L. Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Genetic Determinants and Mechanisms. Circ Res. 2017; 121(7):731–748. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309396.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McNally EM, Mestroni L. Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Genetic Determinants and Mechanisms. Circ Res. 2017; 121(7):731–748. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309396.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cerrone M, Remme CA, Tadros R, et al. Beyond the One Gene-One Disease Paradigm: Complex Genetics and Pleiotropy in Inheritable Cardiac Disorders. Circulation. 2019; 140(7):595–610. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035954.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cerrone M, Remme CA, Tadros R, et al. Beyond the One Gene-One Disease Paradigm: Complex Genetics and Pleiotropy in Inheritable Cardiac Disorders. Circulation. 2019; 140(7):595–610. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035954.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Authors/Task Force members, Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, et al. 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2014; 35(39):2733–2779. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu284.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Authors/Task Force members, Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, et al. 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2014; 35(39):2733–2779. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu284.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weintraub RG, Semsarian C, Macdonald P. Dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2017; 390(10092):400–414. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31713-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weintraub RG, Semsarian C, Macdonald P. Dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2017; 390(10092):400–414. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31713-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
