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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">transmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Трансляционная медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Translational Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2311-4495</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-5155</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18705/2311-4495-2021-8-1-19-37</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">transmed-597</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АНЕСТЕЗИОЛОГИЯ И РЕАНИМАТОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PAIN, CRITICAL CARE, AND ANESTHESIA</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Механическая респираторная поддержка при COVID-19: уроки 2020 года</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mechanical respiratory support for COVID-19: lessons from 2020</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3917-0771</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазурок</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mazurok</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мазурок Вадим Альбертович - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой анестезиологии и реаниматологии Института медицинского образования, НМИЦ им. В.А. Алмазова Минздрава России.</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vadim A. Mazurok - MD, PhD, Dr. Sci., Professor and Chairman Department of Anaesthesiology/Reanimatology, Institute of Medical Education, Almazov National Medical Research Centre.</p><p>Akkuratova str. 2, Saint Petersburg, 197341.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vmazurok@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мазурок В.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мазурок В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mazurok V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/597">https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/597</self-uri><abstract><p>Интенсивная терапия внебольничных пневмоний в условиях массового поступления пациентов в течение 2020 года преподнесла немало уроков, в том числе касающихся стратегии проведения респираторной поддержки, так как оказалось, что искусственная вентиляция легких (ИВЛ) у пациентов с COVID-19 практически равносильна смертельному приговору. С другой стороны, сохранение самостоятельного дыхания в условиях диспноэ и гиперпноэ может вызывать специфическое самоповреждение легких.</p><p>Неожиданно хорошая переносимость пациентами гипоксемии стала причиной появления терминов «счастливая гипоксия» и «пермиссивная гипоксемия», отражающих эффективное функционирование острых адаптационных механизмов: повышение производительности сердца и утилизации кислорода.</p><p>Сформировалась пошаговая стратегия проведения респираторной терапии: 1) кислородотерапия (низкопоточная, высопоточная); 2) неинвазивная респираторная поддержка (НИВЛ); 3) управляемая вентиляция легких. Положение на животе продемонстрировало высокую эффективность мобилизации альвеол у пациентов с COVID-19.</p><p>По сравнению с тугой маской, шлем доказал преимущества при осуществлении НИВЛ. При использовании шлема не развиваются пролежни на лице и переносице, возможно проведение энтерального питания, повышается субъективная переносимость НИВЛ.</p><p>Перевод на инвазивную ИВЛ рассматривается в случае энергетической неприемлемости самостоятельного дыхания и развития нарушений центральной нервной системы. Для проведения как ИВЛ, так и особенно НИВЛ необходимо дыхательное оборудование, обладающее широким набором режимов вентиляции и экспертными возможностями респираторного мониторинга.</p><p>При невозможности легочного газообмена единственным средством спасения пациента остается проведение экстракорпоральной мембранной оксигенации — метода, требующего огромных энергетических затрат со стороны подготовленного медицинского персонала и хорошей технической оснащенности клиники.</p><p>Одним из самых наглядных уроков, преподнесенных пандемией вирусных пневмоний, стала безуспешная попытка ускоренной подготовки «реаниматологов» посредством онлайн-курсов, вебинаров и даже листков-путеводителей.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Intensive therapy of out-of-hospital pneumonia in conditions of mass admission of patients during 2020 presented many lessons, including regarding the strategy of respiratory support, as it turned out that mechanical ventilation in passive patients with COVID-19 is almost equivalent to a death sentence. On the other hand, maintaining spontaneous breathing in dyspnea and hyperpnea conditions can cause specific self-inflicted lung injury</p><p>Unexpectedly, the good tolerability of hypoxemia by patients has led to the emergence of the terms “happy hypoxia” and “permissive hypoxemia,” reflecting the effective functioning of acute adaptation mechanisms: increasing heart productivity and oxygen utilization.</p><p>A step-by-step strategy for respiratory therapy was formed: 1) oxygen therapy (low-flow, high-flow), 2) non-invasive respiratory support (NIV), 3) controlled lung ventilation. Among the most effective resources for mobilizing alveoli in patients with COVID-19 was the prone position.</p><p>Compared to a tight mask, the helmet turned out to be the most effective method of conducting NIV. When using the helmet, bedsores on the face and the bridge of the nose do not develop, enteral nutrition is possible, subjective tolerability of NIV by patients is increased.</p><p>Conversion to invasive mechanical ventilation is considered in case of energy inadmissibility of spontaneous breathing and development of central nervous system disorders. Breathing equipment with a wide range of ventilation modes and expert capabilities for respiratory monitoring is needed to carry out both mechanical ventilation and especially NIV.</p><p>If pulmonary gas exchange is not possible, the only means of saving the patient remains extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — a method that requires huge energy costs from trained medical personnel and good technical equipment of the clinic.</p><p>One of the most visible lessons presented by the pandemic of viral pneumonia is the unsuccessful attempt to speed up the training of “intensive care specialists” through on-line courses, webinars and even guide sheets.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>механическая респираторная поддержка</kwd><kwd>счастливая гипоксия</kwd><kwd>шлем</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>happy hypoxia</kwd><kwd>helmet</kwd><kwd>mechanical respiratory support</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aloisi S, Beasley D, Borter G, et al. 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