<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">transmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Трансляционная медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Translational Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2311-4495</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-5155</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18705/2311-4495-2015-0-1-5-14</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">transmed-53</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ишемическое посткондиционирование головного мозга</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>ISCHEMIC POSTCONDITIONING OF THE BRAIN</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербак</surname><given-names>Наталия Сергеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbak</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">ShcherbakNS@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галагудза</surname><given-names>Михаил Михайлович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galagudza</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нифонтов</surname><given-names>Евгений Михайлович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nifontov</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-1"><institution>ГБОУ ВПО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И. П. Павлова» Минздрава России; ФГБУ «Северо-Западный Федеральный медицинский исследовательский центр» Минздрава России</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-2"><institution>ГБОУ ВПО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И. П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Щербак Н.С., Галагудза М.М., Нифонтов Е.М., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щербак Н.С., Галагудза М.М., Нифонтов Е.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shcherbak N.S., Galagudza M.M., Nifontov E.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/53">https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/53</self-uri><abstract><p>Ишемическое посткондиционирование головного мозга (ИПостК ГМ) - это эндогенный способ нейропротекции представленный в виде коротких эпизодов ишемии-реперфузии, выполненных в реперфузи- онный период после повреждающей ишемии. В обзоре рассмотрены эффекты ИПостК ГМ и сигнальные системы, задействованные в механизмах нейропротекции. Представлены сведения о влиянии ИПостК на энергетический метаболизм нейронов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) of brain is a method of endogenous neuroprotection provided in the form of short episodes of ischemia-reperfusion made in the reperfusion period after damaging ischemia. The review considered the effects IPostC of brain and signaling systems involved in the mechanisms of neuroprotection. The information about the impact IPostC on the energy metabolism of neurons is presented in this review.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ишемическое посткондиционирование</kwd><kwd>головной мозг</kwd><kwd>ишемия-реперфузия</kwd><kwd>ischemic postconditioning</kwd><kwd>brain</kwd><kwd>ischemia-reperfusion</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao ZQ, Corvera JS, Halkos ME, Kerendi F, Wang NP, Guyton RA, Vinten-Johansen J. Inhibition of myocardial injury by ischemic postconditioning during reperfusion: comparison with ischemic preconditioning. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003;285(2):579-588. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.01064.2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao ZQ, Corvera JS, Halkos ME, Kerendi F, Wang NP, Guyton RA, Vinten-Johansen J. Inhibition of myocardial injury by ischemic postconditioning during reperfusion: comparison with ischemic preconditioning. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003;285(2):579-588. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.01064.2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galagudza M, Kurapeev D, Minasian S, Valen G, Vaage J. Ischemic postconditioning: brief ischemia during reperfusion converts persistent ventricular fibrillation into regular rhythm. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;25(6):1006- 1010. do: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.02.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galagudza M, Kurapeev D, Minasian S, Valen G, Vaage J. Ischemic postconditioning: brief ischemia during reperfusion converts persistent ventricular fibrillation into regular rhythm. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;25(6):1006- 1010. do: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.02.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Staat P, Rioufol G, Piot C, Cottin Y, Cung TT, L'Huillier I et al. Postconditioning the human heart. Circulation. 2005;112 (14):2143-2148. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.558122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Staat P, Rioufol G, Piot C, Cottin Y, Cung TT, L'Huillier I et al. Postconditioning the human heart. Circulation. 2005;112 (14):2143-2148. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.558122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiong L, Yang J, Xu N. Effects of ischemic postconditioning on focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Chinese Journal of Anesthesiology. 2005;25(7):508-510.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiong L, Yang J, Xu N. Effects of ischemic postconditioning on focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Chinese Journal of Anesthesiology. 2005;25(7):508-510.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang H, Zhang L, Wang Y, Yao J, Weng H, Wu H et al. Effect of ischemic post-conditioning on spinal cord ischemic-reperfusion injury in rabbits. Can J Anaesth. 2007;54(1):42-48. doi: 10.1007/bf03021898.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang H, Zhang L, Wang Y, Yao J, Weng H, Wu H et al. Effect of ischemic post-conditioning on spinal cord ischemic-reperfusion injury in rabbits. Can J Anaesth. 2007;54(1):42-48. doi: 10.1007/bf03021898.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santos CHM, Gomes OM, Pontes JCDV, Miijiet LNO, Bispo MAF. The ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning effect on the intestinal mucosa of rats undergoing mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion process. Acta Cir Bras. 2008;23(1):22-28. doi: 10.1590/s0102- 86502008000100005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santos CHM, Gomes OM, Pontes JCDV, Miijiet LNO, Bispo MAF. The ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning effect on the intestinal mucosa of rats undergoing mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion process. Acta Cir Bras. 2008;23(1):22-28. doi: 10.1590/s0102- 86502008000100005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Rougemont O, Lehmann K, Clavien PA. Preconditioning, organ preservation, and postconditioning to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury to the liver. Liver Transpl. 2009;15(10):П72-П82. doi: 10.1002/lt.21876.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Rougemont O, Lehmann K, Clavien PA. Preconditioning, organ preservation, and postconditioning to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury to the liver. Liver Transpl. 2009;15(10):П72-П82. doi: 10.1002/lt.21876.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang WL, Zhao YL, Liu XM, Chen J, Zhang D. Protective role of mitochondrial K-ATP channel and mitochondrial membrane transport pore in rat kidney ischemic postconditioning. Chin Med J (Engl). 2011;124(14):2191-2195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang WL, Zhao YL, Liu XM, Chen J, Zhang D. Protective role of mitochondrial K-ATP channel and mitochondrial membrane transport pore in rat kidney ischemic postconditioning. Chin Med J (Engl). 2011;124(14):2191-2195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishio S, Yunoki M, Chen ZF, Anzivino MJ, Lee KS. Ischemic tolerance in the rat neocortex following hypothermic preconditioning. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(5):845- 851. doi: 10.3171/jns.2000.93.5.0845.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishio S, Yunoki M, Chen ZF, Anzivino MJ, Lee KS. Ischemic tolerance in the rat neocortex following hypothermic preconditioning. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(5):845- 851. doi: 10.3171/jns.2000.93.5.0845.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee JJ, Li L, Jung HH, Zuo Z. Postconditioning with isoflurane reduced ischemia-induced brain injury in rats. Anesthesiology. 2008;108(6):1055-1062. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181730257.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee JJ, Li L, Jung HH, Zuo Z. Postconditioning with isoflurane reduced ischemia-induced brain injury in rats. Anesthesiology. 2008;108(6):1055-1062. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181730257.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leconte C1, Tixier E, Freret T, Toutain J, Saulnier R, Boulouard M et al. Delayed Hypoxic Postconditioning Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia in the Mouse. Stroke. 2009;40 (10):3349-3355. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.557314.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leconte C1, Tixier E, Freret T, Toutain J, Saulnier R, Boulouard M et al. Delayed Hypoxic Postconditioning Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia in the Mouse. Stroke. 2009;40 (10):3349-3355. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.557314.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu C, Weaver J, Liu KJ. Rapid Conditioning With Oxygen Oscillation Neuroprotection by Intermittent Normobaric Hyperoxia After Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. Stroke. 2012;43(1):220-226. doi: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.625756.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu C, Weaver J, Liu KJ. Rapid Conditioning With Oxygen Oscillation Neuroprotection by Intermittent Normobaric Hyperoxia After Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. Stroke. 2012;43(1):220-226. doi: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.625756.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao H, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Interrupting reperfusion as a stroke therapy: ischemic postconditioning reduces infarct size after focal ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2006;26(9):1114-1121. doi: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600348.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao H, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Interrupting reperfusion as a stroke therapy: ischemic postconditioning reduces infarct size after focal ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2006;26(9):1114-1121. doi: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600348.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щербак НС, Галагудза ММ, Нифонтов ЕМ, Ба- ранцевич ЕР, Шляхто ЕВ. Эффект ишемического посткондиционирования при экспериментальной глобальной ишемии головного мозга. Артериальная гипертензия. 2011;17(2):182-188. [Shcherbak NS, Galagudza MM, Nifon- tov EM, Barantsevitch ER, Shlyakhto EV. Effect ofischemic postconditioning during experimental cerebral ischemia. Arterial Hypertension. 2011;17(2):182-188. In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Щербак НС, Галагудза ММ, Нифонтов ЕМ, Ба- ранцевич ЕР, Шляхто ЕВ. Эффект ишемического посткондиционирования при экспериментальной глобальной ишемии головного мозга. Артериальная гипертензия. 2011;17(2):182-188. [Shcherbak NS, Galagudza MM, Nifon- tov EM, Barantsevitch ER, Shlyakhto EV. Effect ofischemic postconditioning during experimental cerebral ischemia. Arterial Hypertension. 2011;17(2):182-188. In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boengler K, Buechert A, Heinen Y, Roeskes C, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Heusch G, Schulz R. Cardioprotection by ischemic postconditioning is lost in aged and STAT3-deficient mice. Circ Res. 2008;102(1):131-135. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.107.164699.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boengler K, Buechert A, Heinen Y, Roeskes C, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Heusch G, Schulz R. Cardioprotection by ischemic postconditioning is lost in aged and STAT3-deficient mice. Circ Res. 2008;102(1):131-135. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.107.164699.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao X, Zhang H, Takahashi T, Hsieh J, Liao J, Steinberg GK, Zhao H. The Akt signaling pathway contributes to postconditioning’s protection against stroke; the protection is associated with the MAPK and PKC pathways. J Neurochem. 2008;105(3):943-955. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05218.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao X, Zhang H, Takahashi T, Hsieh J, Liao J, Steinberg GK, Zhao H. The Akt signaling pathway contributes to postconditioning’s protection against stroke; the protection is associated with the MAPK and PKC pathways. J Neurochem. 2008;105(3):943-955. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05218.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang X, Shi E, Nakajima Y, Sato S. Postconditioning, a series of brief interruptions of early reperfusion, prevents neurologic injury after spinal cord ischemia. Ann Surg. 2006;244:148 -153. doi: 10.1097/01. sla.0000217608.08582.35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang X, Shi E, Nakajima Y, Sato S. Postconditioning, a series of brief interruptions of early reperfusion, prevents neurologic injury after spinal cord ischemia. Ann Surg. 2006;244:148 -153. doi: 10.1097/01. sla.0000217608.08582.35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinten-Johansen J, Zhao ZQ, Zatta AJ, Kin H, Halkos ME, Kerendi F. Postconditioning - A new link in nature's armor against myocardial ischemia- reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol. 2005;100(4):295-310. doi: 10.1007/s00395-005-0523-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinten-Johansen J, Zhao ZQ, Zatta AJ, Kin H, Halkos ME, Kerendi F. Postconditioning - A new link in nature's armor against myocardial ischemia- reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol. 2005;100(4):295-310. doi: 10.1007/s00395-005-0523-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma XD, Song JN, Zhang M, An JY, Zhao YL, Zhang BF. Advances in research of the neuroprotective mechanisms of cerebral ischemic postconditioning. Int J Neurosci. 2014; Early Online: 1-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma XD, Song JN, Zhang M, An JY, Zhao YL, Zhang BF. Advances in research of the neuroprotective mechanisms of cerebral ischemic postconditioning. Int J Neurosci. 2014; Early Online: 1-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao H, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Phosp hoinositide-3-kinase/Akt survival signal pathways are implicated in neuronal survival after stroke. Mol Neurobiol. 2006;34(3):249-269. doi: 10.1385/mn:34:3:249.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao H, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Phosp hoinositide-3-kinase/Akt survival signal pathways are implicated in neuronal survival after stroke. Mol Neurobiol. 2006;34(3):249-269. doi: 10.1385/mn:34:3:249.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rehni AK, Singh N. Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in ischemic postconditioning-induced attenuation of cerebral ischemia-evoked behavioral deficits in mice. Pharmacol Rep. 2007;59(2):192-198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rehni AK, Singh N. Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in ischemic postconditioning-induced attenuation of cerebral ischemia-evoked behavioral deficits in mice. Pharmacol Rep. 2007;59(2):192-198.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pignataro G, Esposito E, Cuomo O, Sirabella R, Boscia F, Guida N et al. The NCX3 isoform of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger contributes to neuroprotection elicited by ischemic postconditioning. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol. 2011;31(1):362-370. doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pignataro G, Esposito E, Cuomo O, Sirabella R, Boscia F, Guida N et al. The NCX3 isoform of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger contributes to neuroprotection elicited by ischemic postconditioning. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol. 2011;31(1):362-370. doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pignataro G, Cuomo O, Esposito E, Sirabella R, Di Renzo G, Annunziato L. ASIC1a contributes to neuroprotection elicited by ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 2011;3(1):1-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pignataro G, Cuomo O, Esposito E, Sirabella R, Di Renzo G, Annunziato L. ASIC1a contributes to neuroprotection elicited by ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 2011;3(1):1-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sawe N, Steinberg G, Zhao H. Dual roles of the MAPK/ERK1/2 cell signaling pathway after stroke. J Neurosci Res. 2008;86(8):1659-1669. doi: 10.1002/jnr.21604.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sawe N, Steinberg G, Zhao H. Dual roles of the MAPK/ERK1/2 cell signaling pathway after stroke. J Neurosci Res. 2008;86(8):1659-1669. doi: 10.1002/jnr.21604.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang X,Ai C, Shi E, NakajimaY, Ma H. Neuroprotection against Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Induced by Different Ischemic Postconditioning Methods Roles of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Akt and Extracellular Signal- regulated Kinase. Anesthesiol. 2009;111(6):1197-1205. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181bf1d93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang X,Ai C, Shi E, NakajimaY, Ma H. Neuroprotection against Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Induced by Different Ischemic Postconditioning Methods Roles of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Akt and Extracellular Signal- regulated Kinase. Anesthesiol. 2009;111(6):1197-1205. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181bf1d93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pignataro G, Meller R, Inoue K, Ordonez AN, Ashley MD, Xiong Z et al. In vivo and in vitro characterization of a novel neuroprotective strategy for stroke: ischemic postconditioning. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol. 2008;28 (2):232-241.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pignataro G, Meller R, Inoue K, Ordonez AN, Ashley MD, Xiong Z et al. In vivo and in vitro characterization of a novel neuroprotective strategy for stroke: ischemic postconditioning. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol. 2008;28 (2):232-241.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shimohata T, Zhao H, Sung JH, Sun G, Mochly- Rosen D, Steinberg GK. Suppression of delta PKC activation after focal cerebral ischemia contributes to the protective effect of hypothermia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol. 2007;27 (8):1463-1475.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shimohata T, Zhao H, Sung JH, Sun G, Mochly- Rosen D, Steinberg GK. Suppression of delta PKC activation after focal cerebral ischemia contributes to the protective effect of hypothermia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol. 2007;27 (8):1463-1475.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feng R, Li S, Li F. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in ischemic tolerance of postconditioning in hippocampus of tree shrews to thrombotic cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 2011;1384:118-127. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feng R, Li S, Li F. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in ischemic tolerance of postconditioning in hippocampus of tree shrews to thrombotic cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 2011;1384:118-127. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rui F, Shuqing LI. Postconditioning modulates TLR4 expression in hippocampus of tree shrews with thrombotic cerebral ischemia. Chin J Pathophysiol. 2011;27 (6) :1048-1052. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rui F, Shuqing LI. Postconditioning modulates TLR4 expression in hippocampus of tree shrews with thrombotic cerebral ischemia. Chin J Pathophysiol. 2011;27 (6) :1048-1052. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loor G, Schumacker PT. Role of hypoxia-inducible factor in cell survival during myocardial ischemia- reperfusion. Cell Death Differ. 2008;15(4):686-690. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2008.13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loor G, Schumacker PT. Role of hypoxia-inducible factor in cell survival during myocardial ischemia- reperfusion. Cell Death Differ. 2008;15(4):686-690. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2008.13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hollmann M, Hartley M, Heinemann S. Ca2+ permeability of KA-AMPA-gated glutamate receptor channels depends on subunit composition. Science. 1991;252 (5007):851-853.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hollmann M, Hartley M, Heinemann S. Ca2+ permeability of KA-AMPA-gated glutamate receptor channels depends on subunit composition. Science. 1991;252 (5007):851-853.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang Y, Chen J, Li L, Gao Y, Chen J, Fei Z, Liu W. Effect of different mild hypoxia manipulations on kainic acid-induced seizures in the hippocampus of rats. Neurochem Res. 2013;38(1):123-132. doi: 10.1007/s11064- 012-0899-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang Y, Chen J, Li L, Gao Y, Chen J, Fei Z, Liu W. Effect of different mild hypoxia manipulations on kainic acid-induced seizures in the hippocampus of rats. Neurochem Res. 2013;38(1):123-132. doi: 10.1007/s11064- 012-0899-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abas F, Alkan T, Goren B, Taskapilioglu O, Sarandol E, Tolunay S. Neuroprotective Effects of Postconditioning on Lipid Peroxidation and Apoptosis after Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Turk Neurosurg. 2010;20(1):1-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abas F, Alkan T, Goren B, Taskapilioglu O, Sarandol E, Tolunay S. Neuroprotective Effects of Postconditioning on Lipid Peroxidation and Apoptosis after Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Turk Neurosurg. 2010;20(1):1-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Danielisova V, Nemethova M, Gottlieb M, Burda J. The changes in endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity after postconditioning. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 2006;26(7-8):1181-1191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danielisova V, Nemethova M, Gottlieb M, Burda J. The changes in endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity after postconditioning. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 2006;26(7-8):1181-1191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lu W, Jiang D, Sun R et al. Effect of ischemic postconditioning on glutamate levels after focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rat. Chin J Neuroanat. 2011;27(6):628-632.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lu W, Jiang D, Sun R et al. Effect of ischemic postconditioning on glutamate levels after focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rat. Chin J Neuroanat. 2011;27(6):628-632.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang W, Miao Y, Zhou S, Jiang J, Luo Q, Qiu Y. Neuroprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning on global brain ischemia in rats through upregulation of hippocampal glutamine synthetase. J Clinic Neurosci. 2011;18(5):685-689. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.08.027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang W, Miao Y, Zhou S, Jiang J, Luo Q, Qiu Y. Neuroprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning on global brain ischemia in rats through upregulation of hippocampal glutamine synthetase. J Clinic Neurosci. 2011;18(5):685-689. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.08.027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li SQ, Luo HY. Effects of ischemic postconditioning on hippocampus CA1 area rCBF and astrocyte activation after cerebral ischemia in tree shrews. Chin J Pathophysiol. 2008;24(6):1090-1095.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li SQ, Luo HY. Effects of ischemic postconditioning on hippocampus CA1 area rCBF and astrocyte activation after cerebral ischemia in tree shrews. Chin J Pathophysiol. 2008;24(6):1090-1095.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo HY, Li SQ. Ischemic postconditioning increases the change of hippocampus rCBF and VEGF following cerebral Ischemic in tree shrews. Bas Clinic Med. 2008;28 (7) :676-680.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo HY, Li SQ. Ischemic postconditioning increases the change of hippocampus rCBF and VEGF following cerebral Ischemic in tree shrews. Bas Clinic Med. 2008;28 (7) :676-680.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xing B, Chen H, Zhang M, Zhao D, Jiang R, Liu X, Zhang S. Ischemic postconditioning inhibits apoptosis after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat. Stroke. 2008;39(8):2362-2369. doi: 10.1161/ STROKEAHA.107. 507939.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xing B, Chen H, Zhang M, Zhao D, Jiang R, Liu X, Zhang S. Ischemic postconditioning inhibits apoptosis after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat. Stroke. 2008;39(8):2362-2369. doi: 10.1161/ STROKEAHA.107. 507939.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun J, Luan Q, Dong H, Song W, Xie K, Hou L, Xiong L. Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening contributes to the neuroprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning in rats. Brain Research. 2012;14 (36):101-110. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.055.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun J, Luan Q, Dong H, Song W, Xie K, Hou L, Xiong L. Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening contributes to the neuroprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning in rats. Brain Research. 2012;14 (36):101-110. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.055.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuan Y, Guo Q, Ye Z, Pingping X, Wang N, Song Z. Ischemic postconditioning protects brain from ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis through PI3K-Akt pathway. Brain Research. 2011;1367:85 -93. doi: 10.1016/j. brainres.2010.10.017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuan Y, Guo Q, Ye Z, Pingping X, Wang N, Song Z. Ischemic postconditioning protects brain from ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis through PI3K-Akt pathway. Brain Research. 2011;1367:85 -93. doi: 10.1016/j. brainres.2010.10.017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang JY, Shen J, Gao Q, Ye ZG, Yang SY, Liang HW et al. Ischemic postconditioning protects against global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury in rats. Stroke. 2008;39(3):983-990. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA. 107.499079.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang JY, Shen J, Gao Q, Ye ZG, Yang SY, Liang HW et al. Ischemic postconditioning protects against global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury in rats. Stroke. 2008;39(3):983-990. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA. 107.499079.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kroemer G, Dallaporta B, Resche-Rigon M. The mitochondrial death/life regulator in apoptosis and necrosis. Annu Rev Physiol. 1998;60:619-642.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kroemer G, Dallaporta B, Resche-Rigon M. The mitochondrial death/life regulator in apoptosis and necrosis. Annu Rev Physiol. 1998;60:619-642.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ding ZM, Wu B, Zhang WQ, Lu XJ, Lin YC, Geng YJ, Miao YF. Neuroprotective Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning and Postconditioning on Global Brain Ischemia in Rats through the Same Effect on Inhibition of Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(5):6089-6101. doi: 10.3390/ijms13056089.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ding ZM, Wu B, Zhang WQ, Lu XJ, Lin YC, Geng YJ, Miao YF. Neuroprotective Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning and Postconditioning on Global Brain Ischemia in Rats through the Same Effect on Inhibition of Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(5):6089-6101. doi: 10.3390/ijms13056089.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang QG, Wang RM, Han D, Yang LC, Li J, Brann DW. Preconditioning neuroprotection in global cerebral ischemia involves NMDA receptor-mediated ERK- JNK3 crosstalk. Neurosci Res. 2009;63(3):205-212.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang QG, Wang RM, Han D, Yang LC, Li J, Brann DW. Preconditioning neuroprotection in global cerebral ischemia involves NMDA receptor-mediated ERK- JNK3 crosstalk. Neurosci Res. 2009;63(3):205-212.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nemethova M, Danielisova V, Gottlieb M, Kravcukova P, Burda J. Ischemic postconditioning in the rat hippocampus: mapping of proteins involved in reversal of delayed neuronal death. Arch Ital Biol. 2010;148 (1):23-32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nemethova M, Danielisova V, Gottlieb M, Kravcukova P, Burda J. Ischemic postconditioning in the rat hippocampus: mapping of proteins involved in reversal of delayed neuronal death. Arch Ital Biol. 2010;148 (1):23-32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lim ML, Lum MG, Hansen TM. On the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria during cell death signaling. J Biomed Sci. 2002;9:488-506.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lim ML, Lum MG, Hansen TM. On the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria during cell death signaling. J Biomed Sci. 2002;9:488-506.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щербак НС, Бещук ОВ, Галагудза ММ, Овчинников ДА, Кузьменков АН, Митрофанова ЛБ и др. Влияние ишемического посткондиционирования на уровень проапоптотического белка в нейронах зоны СА1 гиппокампа при глобальной ишемии-реперфузии головного мозга у крыс. Трансляционная медицина. 2012;5:82-86. [Shcherbak NS, Beschuk OV, Galagudza MM, Ovchinnikov DA, Kuzmenkov AN, Mitrofanova LB. The effect of ischemic postconditioning on bax in hippocampal CA1 during global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Translational Medicine. 2012;5:82-86. In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Щербак НС, Бещук ОВ, Галагудза ММ, Овчинников ДА, Кузьменков АН, Митрофанова ЛБ и др. Влияние ишемического посткондиционирования на уровень проапоптотического белка в нейронах зоны СА1 гиппокампа при глобальной ишемии-реперфузии головного мозга у крыс. Трансляционная медицина. 2012;5:82-86. [Shcherbak NS, Beschuk OV, Galagudza MM, Ovchinnikov DA, Kuzmenkov AN, Mitrofanova LB. The effect of ischemic postconditioning on bax in hippocampal CA1 during global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Translational Medicine. 2012;5:82-86. In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song XY, Hu JF, Chen NH. Neurons apoptosis and cerebral ischemia. Zhong Yaol Tong. 2012;28(3):307-310.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song XY, Hu JF, Chen NH. Neurons apoptosis and cerebral ischemia. Zhong Yaol Tong. 2012;28(3):307-310.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pateliya BB, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Possible role of opioids and K (ATP) channels in neuroprotective effect of postconditioning in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31 (9):1755-1760.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pateliya BB, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Possible role of opioids and K (ATP) channels in neuroprotective effect of postconditioning in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31 (9):1755-1760.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robin E1, Simerabet M, Hassoun SM, Adamczyk S, Tavernier B, Vallet B et al. Postconditioning in focal cerebral ischemia: Role of the mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channel. Brain Res. 2011;1375:137-146. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.054.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robin E1, Simerabet M, Hassoun SM, Adamczyk S, Tavernier B, Vallet B et al. Postconditioning in focal cerebral ischemia: Role of the mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channel. Brain Res. 2011;1375:137-146. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.054.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Sullivan JC, Yao XL, Alam H, McCabe JT. Diazoxide, as a postconditioning and delayed preconditioning trigger, increases HSP25 and HSP70 in the central nervous system following combined cerebral stroke and hemorrhagic shock. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(3):532-546.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Sullivan JC, Yao XL, Alam H, McCabe JT. Diazoxide, as a postconditioning and delayed preconditioning trigger, increases HSP25 and HSP70 in the central nervous system following combined cerebral stroke and hemorrhagic shock. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(3):532-546.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щербак НС, Галагудза ММ, Овчинников ДА, Щербакова ЕО, Юкина ГЮ, Баранцевич ЕР и др. Влияние глобальной ишемии-реперфузии головного мозга на активность сукцинатдегидрогеназы в нейронах различных слоев неокортекса. Ученые записки СПбГМУ им. акад. И. П. Павлова. 2014;3:25-28. [Shcherbak NS, Galagoudza MM, Ovchinnikov DA, Shcherbakova EO, Yukina GYu, Barantsevich ER. Influence of cerebral global ischemia-reperfusion on succinate dehydrogenase activity in neurons of different neocortical layers. The Record of the I. P. Pavlov St Petersburg State Medical University. 2014;3:25-28. In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Щербак НС, Галагудза ММ, Овчинников ДА, Щербакова ЕО, Юкина ГЮ, Баранцевич ЕР и др. Влияние глобальной ишемии-реперфузии головного мозга на активность сукцинатдегидрогеназы в нейронах различных слоев неокортекса. Ученые записки СПбГМУ им. акад. И. П. Павлова. 2014;3:25-28. [Shcherbak NS, Galagoudza MM, Ovchinnikov DA, Shcherbakova EO, Yukina GYu, Barantsevich ER. Influence of cerebral global ischemia-reperfusion on succinate dehydrogenase activity in neurons of different neocortical layers. The Record of the I. P. Pavlov St Petersburg State Medical University. 2014;3:25-28. In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щербак HC, Галагудза ММ, Юкина ГЮ, Баранцевич ЕР, Томсон ВВ, Шляхто ЕВ. Морфофункциональные изменения пирамидных нейронов различных полей гиппокампа при ишемическом посткондиционировании. Морфология. 2013;143(3):007-013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Щербак HC, Галагудза ММ, Юкина ГЮ, Баранцевич ЕР, Томсон ВВ, Шляхто ЕВ. Морфофункциональные изменения пирамидных нейронов различных полей гиппокампа при ишемическом посткондиционировании. Морфология. 2013;143(3):007-013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щербак НС, Галагудза ММ, Кузьменков АН, Овчинников ДА, Юкина ГЮ, Баранцевич ЕР. Морфофункциональные изменения зоны СА1 гиппокампа у монгольских песчанок при применении ишемического посткондиционирования. 2012;145(5):12-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Щербак НС, Галагудза ММ, Кузьменков АН, Овчинников ДА, Юкина ГЮ, Баранцевич ЕР. Морфофункциональные изменения зоны СА1 гиппокампа у монгольских песчанок при применении ишемического посткондиционирования. 2012;145(5):12-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
