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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">transmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Трансляционная медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Translational Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2311-4495</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-5155</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18705/2311-4495-2026-13-4-399-414</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">transmed-1180</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТКАНЕВЫЕ, КЛЕТОЧНЫЕ, ГЕНОМНЫЕ И ПРОТЕОМНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CELL, TISSUE, AND GENE THERAPY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Клеточное старение и технологии иммортализации в трансляционной медицине: от фундаментальных механизмов к терапевтическим платформам</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cellular senescence and immortalization technologies in translational medicine: from fundamental mechanisms to therapeutic platforms</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6358-1434</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыпилева</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tcypileva</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Цыпилева Алина Сергеевна, лаборант-исследователь </p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alina S. Tcypileva, Laboratory Assistant</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alinatcypileva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8027-4516</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Флорен</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Floren</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Флорен Дарья Дилшодовна – мл. науч. сотр. </p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria D. Floren, Junior Researcher</p><p>St. Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">floren@incras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0182-009X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Докшин</surname><given-names>П. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Docshin</surname><given-names>P. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Докшин Павел Михайлович, канд. биол. наук, с. науч. сотр., с. науч. сотр. </p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavel M. Docshin, PhD in Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher</p><p>St. Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pdocshin@incras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0820-2913</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малашичева</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malashicheva</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Малашичева Анна Борисовна – д-р биол. наук, заведующая лабораторией регенеративной медицины </p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna B. Malashicheva, DSc in Biological Sciences, head of Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine</p><p>St. Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">malashicheva@incras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт цитологии Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт цитологии Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>399</fpage><lpage>414</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Цыпилева А.С., Флорен Д.Д., Докшин П.М., Малашичева А.Б., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Цыпилева А.С., Флорен Д.Д., Докшин П.М., Малашичева А.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tcypileva A.S., Floren D.D., Docshin P.M., Malashicheva A.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/1180">https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/1180</self-uri><abstract><p>Первичные клеточные культуры являются неотъемлемой частью фундаментальных исследований современной клеточной биологии. Их ценность обусловлена максимальным приближением к условиям in vivo, что повышает достоверность получаемых результатов. Однако широкое применение первичных клеток in vitro ограничено их естественным пролиферативным потенциалом – клеточным старением (сенесценцией), что создает сложности для проведения долгосрочных и воспроизводимых исследований. Сенесценция представляет собой сложный многокомпонентный ответ клетки на различные стимулы. В связи с этим выделяют репликативное и онкоген-индуцированное старение, а также преждевременное старение, вызванное стрессом. Каждый из этих типов сенесценции имеет уникальные признаки, изучение которых позволяет понять, как преодолеть пролиферативный барьер клетки путем иммортализации. Классические методы иммортализации, такие как экспрессия каталитической субъединицы теломеразы (TERT), использование вирусных онкогенов (SV40 Large T-антиген, HPV16 Е6/Е7) и протоонкогенов, несмотря на свою эффективность, имеют ряд ограничений, включая риск онкогенной трансформации и изменение исходного фенотипа клетки. В связи с этим набирают популярность современные методы условной (обратимой) иммортализации, использование неинтегрирующихся систем и комбинированных методов, которые позволяют сохранить высокий пролиферативный потенциал клеток, обеспечивая при этом максимальное сходство с первичными клетками. В данном обзоре литературы систематизированы современные представления о видах клеточной сенесценции. Подробно рассмотрены основные и вспомогательные методы иммортализации, их преимущества и недостатки. Дается характеристика современных иммортализованных клеточных линий с учетом их фенотипической стабильности и перспектив применения в регенеративной медицине, тканевой инженерии, 3D-культивировании и доклинической фармакологии. В работе проанализированы данные, преимущественно опубликованные в течение последних 15 лет.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Primary cell cultures are an indispensable tool in fundamental research within modern cell biology. Their value lies in their close physiological resemblance to in vivo conditions, which significantly enhances the reliability and translational relevance of experimental data. However, the broad application of primary cells in vitro is constrained by their finite proliferative capacity, culminating in cellular senescence, which poses substantial challenges for long-term and highly reproducible studies. Cellular senescence represents a complex, multifaceted cellular response to diverse stimuli. Consequently, it is broadly classified into replicative senescence, oncogene-induced senescence (OIS), and stress-induced premature senescence. Each of these senescence modalities exhibits distinct molecular signatures, and elucidating these features is crucial for understanding how to bypass the cellular proliferative barrier through immortalization. Classical immortalization strategies, such as the ectopic expression of the telomerase catalytic subunit (TERT) or the introduction of viral oncogenes (e.g., SV40 Large T-antigen, HPV16 E6/E7) and proto-oncogenes, are highly effective but carry significant limitations. These include the inherent risk of oncogenic transformation and the alteration of the native cellular phenotype. Consequently, contemporary approaches such as conditional immortalization, non-integrating delivery systems, and combinatorial strategies are gaining prominence. These methods aim to sustain a high proliferative potential while preserving maximal phenotypic fidelity to the original primary cells. This review systematizes current knowledge regarding the distinct modalities of cellular senescence. It provides a comprehensive analysis of both primary and auxiliary immortalization techniques, critically evaluating their respective advantages and limitations. Furthermore, it characterizes contemporary immortalized cell lines with a specific focus on their phenotypic stability and translational potential in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, 3D cell culture models, and preclinical pharmacology. The analysis presented herein is primarily based on data published within the last 15 years.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>доклинические модели</kwd><kwd>иммортализация клеток</kwd><kwd>каталитическая субъединица теломеразы</kwd><kwd>клеточное старение</kwd><kwd>секреторный фенотип</kwd><kwd>сенесценция</kwd><kwd>трансляционная медицина</kwd><kwd>условная&#13;
иммортализация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cellular senescence</kwd><kwd>conditional immortalization</kwd><kwd>hTERT</kwd><kwd>preclinical models</kwd><kwd>senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)</kwd><kwd>translational medicine</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование поддержано грантом РНФ № 26-15- 00280</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 26-15-00280</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campisi J, d’Adda Di Fagagna F. Cellular senescence: when bad things happen to good cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007;8:729–40. doi:10.1038/nrm2233</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campisi J, d’Adda Di Fagagna F. Cellular senescence: when bad things happen to good cells. 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