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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">transmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Трансляционная медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Translational Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2311-4495</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-5155</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18705/2311-4495-2026-13-1-82-91</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">OMGPBT</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">transmed-1114</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Морфофункциональные особенности желудочно-кишечного тракта в экспериментальных моделях ожирения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Gastrointestinal morphofunctional changes in experimental obesity models</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1119-7258</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Менщикова</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Menshchikova</surname><given-names>Valeria E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Менщикова Валерия Евгеньевна — ассистент кафедры пропедевтики детских болезней, аспирант по специальности "Педиатрия" кафедры пропедевтики детских болезней,</p><p>Красный пр., д. 52, Новосибирск,  630091. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valeria E. Menshchikova, Postgraduate Student in Pediatrics at the Department of Propaedeutics of Childhood Diseases,</p><p>52, pr. Krasny, Novosibirsk, 630091.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vaidurova_valerya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4496-0435</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каравозова</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karavozova</surname><given-names>Anastasiya E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каравозова Анастасия Евгеньевна — ординатор, специальность "Педиатрия", кафедра пропедевтики детских болезней,</p><p>Новосибирск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasiya E. Karavozova, 2-year Instructor in Pediatrics at the Department of Pediatric Diseases,</p><p>Novosibirsk.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nastya_vae100@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7007-1996</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карцева</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kartseva</surname><given-names>Tatiana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Карцева Татьяна Валерьевна — доктор медицинских наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики детских болезней,</p><p>Новосибирск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana V. Kartseva, MD, DSc, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Propaedeutics of Childhood Diseases,</p><p>Novosibirsk .</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kartseva-t@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3405-5993</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Залавина</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zalavina</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Залавина Светлана Васильевна — доктор медицинских наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой гистологии эмбриологии и цитологии им. проф. М.Я. Субботина,</p><p>Новосибирск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana V. Zalavina, MD, DSc, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Histology, Embryology and Cytology named after Prof. M.Ya. Subbotin,</p><p>Novosibirsk.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zalavinasv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0990-0078</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябиченко</surname><given-names>Т. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabichenko</surname><given-names>Tatyana I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рябиченко Татьяна Ивановна — доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунологии НИИ экспериментальной и клинической медицины ФИЦ фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины,</p><p>Новосибирск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana I. Ryabichenko, MD, DSc, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Immunology, Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (FRC),</p><p>Novosibirsk.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">2925871@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9822-9349</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Елисеева</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Eliseeva</surname><given-names>Daria V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елисеева Дарья Владиславовна — ассистент кафедры пропедевтики детских болезней,</p><p>Новосибирск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria V. Eliseeva, Assistant at the Department of Propaedeutics of Childhood Diseases,</p><p>Novosibirsk.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Dancingviolin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education  “Novosibirsk State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health  of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Федеральный исследовательский центр фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education  “Novosibirsk State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health  of the Russian Federation; Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine” (FRC)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>91</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Менщикова В.Е., Каравозова А.Е., Карцева Т.В., Залавина С.В., Рябиченко Т.И., Елисеева Д.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Менщикова В.Е., Каравозова А.Е., Карцева Т.В., Залавина С.В., Рябиченко Т.И., Елисеева Д.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Menshchikova V.E., Karavozova A.E., Kartseva T.V., Zalavina S.V., Ryabichenko T.I., Eliseeva D.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/1114">https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/1114</self-uri><abstract><p>Ожирение представляет собой глобальную медицинскую проблему, частота встречаемости которой неуклонно возрастает. Современный уклад жизни, характеризуемый изменением пищевых предпочтений и низким уровнем физической активности, выступает ключевым фактором развития ожирения и избыточной массы тела. Ожирение увеличивает риск возникновения множества заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ), таких как гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь, воспалительные заболевания кишечника, функциональные расстройства пищеварения и др. Патогенез этих состояний включает хроническое низкое воспаление, повышенную проницаемость кишечного барьера и изменения микрофлоры кишечника. Целью представленной статьи является описание и систематизация высококалорийных диет, а также изучение морфологических и патофизиологических механизмов влияния данных рационов на желудочно-кишечный тракт. В обзоре рассмотрены основные виды диет для моделирования ожирения у лабораторных животных: высокожировая, высокоуглеводная, с выбором жиров или углеводов, комбинированные («диета кафетерия», «западная диета»), модели психогенного переедания. Гистологические особенности стенки органов пищеварительного тракта крыс с ожирением представлены изменениями в слизистой оболочке (снижение количества ШИК-позитивных бокаловидных клеток), собственной пластинке слизистой (увеличение числа нейтрофилов, лимфоцитов, макрофагов, коллагеновых волокон). Кроме того, в стенке толстой кишки обнаружено увеличение концентрации интерлейкинов IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, ФНО и моноцитарного хемотаксического белка (MCP-1), малонового диальдегида (МДА). Доказано влияние ожирения и избыточной массы тела на структурные образования нервной системы (гиперактивация энтеральных ганглиев, нарушения работы вегетативной нервной системы и др.), что приводит к нарушению моторики желудочно-кишечного тракта.</p><p>Экспериментальные исследования демонстрируют, что высококалорийные диеты приводят к изменению гистологических характеристик и моторики ЖКТ у лабораторных животных, вызывая структурные повреждения и нарушение иннервации органов пищеварения, что указывает на необходимость дальнейших исследований для выявления механизмов развития осложнений ожирения и разработки эффективных профилактических мер.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Obesity is a global health problem whose incidence is steadily increasing. Modern lifestyles, characterized by changing dietary preferences and low levels of physical activity, are key factors in the development of obesity and overweight. Obesity increases the risk of numerous gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, inflammatory bowel disease, functional digestive disorders, and others. The pathogenesis of these conditions includes chronic low-grade inflammation, increased intestinal barrier permeability, and changes in the intestinal microflora. The purpose of this article is to describe and systematize high-calorie diets and to study the morphological and pathophysiological mechanisms by which these diets influence the gastrointestinal tract. This review examines the main types of diets used to model obesity in laboratory animals: high-fat, high-carbohydrate, with a choice of fats or carbohydrates, combined (“cafeteria diet”, “Western diet”), and models of psychogenic overeating. Histological features of the gastrointestinal tract wall of obese rats are represented by changes in the mucosa (a decrease in the number of PAS-positive goblet cells) and the lamina propria (an increase in the number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and collagen fibers). In addition, increased concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected in the colon wall. Obesity and excess body weight have been shown to impact structural components of the nervous system (hyperactivation of enteric ganglia, disruption of the autonomic nervous system, etc.), leading to impaired gastrointestinal motility.</p><p>Experimental studies demonstrate that high-calorie diets alter the histological characteristics and motility of the gastrointestinal tract in laboratory animals, causing structural damage and disruption of innervation of the digestive organs. This indicates the need for further research to identify the mechanisms underlying the development of obesity complications and develop effective preventive measures.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ожирение</kwd><kwd>желудочно-кишечный тракт</kwd><kwd>высококалорийные диеты</kwd><kwd>изменения гистологической структуры</kwd><kwd>нарушения моторики ЖКТ</kwd><kwd>экспериментальные модели</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>obesity</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal tract</kwd><kwd>high-calorie diets</kwd><kwd>changes in histological structure</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal motility disorder</kwd><kwd>experimental models</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Драпкина О. М., Ким О. Т. Ожирение — эпидемия эпохи антропоцена: монография. 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