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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">transmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Трансляционная медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Translational Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2311-4495</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-5155</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18705/2311-4495-2025-12-4-415-426</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">KPUGOV</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">transmed-1060</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Experimental studies</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Моделирование хронического системного воспаления с минимальной клинической манифестацией в эксперименте на крысах</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modeling of chronic systemic inflammation with minimal clinical manifestation in an experimental rat study</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3210-9962</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Смирнов Сергей Сергеевич — врач травматолого-ортопедического отделения № 8; лаборант-исследователь НИЛ патологии малого круга кровообращения</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey S. Smirnov, MD, Orthopedic surgeon of the Traumatology and orthopedic department No. 8; laboratory researcher of the Research Laboratory of Pathologies of the Pulmonary Circulation</p><p>Akkuratova str., 2, Saint Petersburg, 197341 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">smirnovss_md@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Карпов Андрей Александрович — кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, заведующий НИЛ патологии малого круга кровообращения; Центр экспериментальной фармакологии</p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey A. Karpov, MD, PhD, Assistant; Head of the Research Laboratory of Pathologies of the Pulmonary Circulation; Center of Experimental Pharmacology</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karpov_aa@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серова</surname><given-names>П. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Serova</surname><given-names>P. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Серова Полина Дмитриевна — ординатор кафедры лабораторной медицины с клиникой </p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Polina D. Serova, MD, Resident of the Department of Laboratory Medicine with Clinic</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serova.p1@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпова</surname><given-names>Ю. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpova</surname><given-names>Yu. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Карпова Юлия Исмаиловна — кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры лабораторной медицины с клиникой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuliya I. Karpova, MD, Assistant of the Department of Laboratory Medicine with Clinic</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yuliaismailovna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исакова</surname><given-names>Н. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Isakova</surname><given-names>N. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Исакова Надежда Петровна — кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры зоологии и генетики</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda P. Isakova, PhD, Assistant of the Department of Zoology and Genetics</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nikita.shalamov.2003@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаламов</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shalamov</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шаламов Никита Евгеньевич — студент </p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita E. Shalamov, Student </p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zavyalova.ecaterina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Завьялова</surname><given-names>Е. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zav'yalova</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Завьялова Екатерина Дмитриевна — студент </p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina D. Zavyalova, Student </p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zavyalova.ecaterina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Смирнова Алена Алексеевна — лаборант-исследователь НИЛ патологии малого круга кровообращения</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alena A. Smirnova, MD, Laboratory researcher of the Research Laboratory of Pathologies of the Pulmonary Circulation</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alenamuhina313@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Марченко</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Marchenko</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марченко Илья Владимирович — врач травматолого-ортопедического отделения № 8</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Il’ya V. Marchenko, MD, PhD, Orthopedic surgeon of the Traumatology and orthopedic department No. 8</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">marchenko.ilua@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вебер</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Veber</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вебер Евгений Валерьевич — кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий травматолого-ортопедическим отделением № 8, заведующий отделом по организационно-методической работе с регионами, доцент кафедры травматологии и ортопедии</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeny V. Veber, MD, PhD, Head of Organizational and Methodological Department and Traumatology and orthopedic department No. 8</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">wjhon@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Моисеева</surname><given-names>О. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moiseeva</surname><given-names>O. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Моисеева Ольга Михайловна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, директор Института сердца и сосудов</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ol’ga M. Moiseeva, MD, PhD, Professor, Director of Heart and Vessels Institute</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">moiseeva_om@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивкин</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivkin</surname><given-names>D. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ивкин Дмитрий Юрьевич — кандидат биологических наук, доцент, директор Центра экспериментальной фармакологии</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitriy Y. Ivkin, PhD, Assistant; Director of the Center of Experimental Pharmacology</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitry.ivkin@pharminnotech.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галагудза</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galagudza</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Галагудза Михаил Михайлович — член-корреспондент РАН, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, директор Института экспериментальной медицины</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail M. Galagudza, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, MD, DSc, Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of Institute of Experimental Medicine</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">galagudza@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии имени Р. Р. Вредена» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации ; Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Scientific Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedicsnamed after R. R. Vreden ; Almazov National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации ; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный химико-фармацевтический университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation ; Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский государственный педагогический университет имени А. И. Герцена»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии имени Р. Р. Вредена» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Scientific Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedicsnamed after R. R. Vreden</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный химико-фармацевтический университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>415</fpage><lpage>426</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Смирнов С.С., Карпов А.А., Серова П.Д., Карпова Ю.И., Исакова Н.П., Шаламов Н.Е., Завьялова Е.Д., Смирнова А.А., Марченко И.В., Вебер Е.В., Моисеева О.М., Ивкин Д.Ю., Галагудза М.М., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Смирнов С.С., Карпов А.А., Серова П.Д., Карпова Ю.И., Исакова Н.П., Шаламов Н.Е., Завьялова Е.Д., Смирнова А.А., Марченко И.В., Вебер Е.В., Моисеева О.М., Ивкин Д.Ю., Галагудза М.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Smirnov S.S., Karpov A.A., Serova P.D., Karpova Y.I., Isakova N.P., Shalamov N.E., Zav'yalova E.D., Smirnova A.A., Marchenko I.V., Veber E.V., Moiseeva O.M., Ivkin D.Y., Galagudza M.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/1060">https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/1060</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Хроническое системное воспаление (ХСВ) — патологический процесс, который значительно ухудшает прогноз жизни пациентов. Необходимость в детальном изучении патогенеза этого состояния и тестировании новых подходов к его лечению требует создания воспроизводимых экспериментальных моделей. Цель исследования — разработка репрезентативной экспериментальной модели ХСВ на крысах с использованием повторного подкожного введения полного адъюванта Фрейнда (ПАФ). Материалы и методы. В эксперименте использованы 20 самцов стока Wistar, разделенных на группы ПАФ (n = 10) и контроль (n = 10). Животным экспериментальной группы вводили ПАФ подкожно в межлопаточную область дважды с интервалом в 2 недели (0,1 мл/кг). Контрольной группе вводили физиологический раствор по тому же протоколу. Еженедельно оценивали массу тела. Клинический анализ крови выполняли перед моделированием и на 7-е, 21-е сутки. В конце исследования определяли индекс массы селезенки и оценивали гистологическую картину тканей. Результаты. У животных из группы ПАФ отмечено снижение темпов прироста массы тела. В этой же группе выявлено статистически значимое повышение общего количества лейкоцитов, лимфоцитов и индекса массы селезенки (p &lt; 0,05), снижение уровня эритроцитов и гемоглобина, а также гистологические признаки воспалительной инфильтрации в легких и гиперплазии лимфоидной ткани селезенки. Выводы. Повторное подкожное введение ПАФ вызывает мягкую, но стабильную системную иммуноактивацию без выраженного локального повреждения. Полученная модель ХСВ воспроизводима и может использоваться в доклинических исследованиях хронического воспаления.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. Chronic systemic inflammation (CSI) is a pathologic process that significantly worsens the life prognosis of patients. The need for a detailed study of the pathogenesis of this condition and testing new approaches to its treatment requires the creation of reproducible experimental models. The aim of the study was to develop a representative experimental model of CSI in rats using repeated subcutaneous administration of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). Materials and Methods. Twenty male Wistar stock rats divided into CFA (n = 10) and control (n = 10) groups and were used in the experiment. Animals of the experimental group were injected with CFA subcutaneously in the interscapular region twice with an interval of 2 weeks (0.1 ml/kg). The control group was injected with saline solution according to the same protocol. Body weight was assessed weekly. Clinical blood analysis was performed before modeling and on days 7 and 21. At the end of the study, spleen mass index (SMI) was detected and tissue histologic picture was evaluated. Results. A decrease in the rate of body weight gain was observed in animals from the CFA group. In the same group, a statistically significant increase in the total number of leukocytes, lymphocytes and IMC (p &lt; 0.05), a decrease in the level of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, as well as histological signs of inflammatory infiltration in the lungs and hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue of the spleen were revealed. Conclusions. Repeated subcutaneous administration of CFA induces mild but stable systemic immune activation without pronounced local damage. The obtained model of CSF is reproducible and can be used in preclinical studies of chronic inflammation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>доклинические исследования</kwd><kwd>иммунная активация</kwd><kwd>крыса</kwd><kwd>полный адъювант Фрейнда</kwd><kwd>хроническое системное воспаление</kwd><kwd>экспериментальная модель</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic systemic inflammation</kwd><kwd>experimental model</kwd><kwd>Freund’s complete adjuvant</kwd><kwd>immune activation</kwd><kwd>preclinical studies</kwd><kwd>rat</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Проект № 25-75-30010 по конкурсу РНФ «Проведение исследований научными лабораториями мирового уровня в рамках реализации приоритетов научно-технологического развития Российской Федерации», название проекта «Персонификация стратегии диагностики и лечения метаболического синдрома на основе радиомического картирования, фенотипического и генотипического профилирования».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Project No. 25-75-30010 according to the Russian Science Foundation competition «Conducting research by world-class scientific laboratories within the framework of the priorities of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation», the project name is «Personification of the strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic syndrome based on radiomic mapping, phenotypic and genotypic profiling».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Парахонский А. 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