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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">transmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Трансляционная медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Translational Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2311-4495</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-5155</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18705/2311-4495-2025-12-4-310-329</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">THDASV</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">transmed-1037</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Механизмы нарушений вариабельности сердечного ритма у пациентов с врожденными пороками сердца</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Major causes of heart rate variability disorders in patients with congenital heart defects</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8577-4280</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевалдова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevaldova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шевалдова Ольга Владимировна — младший научный сотрудник</p><p>ул. Балтийская, д. 8, Москва, 125315 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Shevaldova, MD, Junior Researcher </p><p>Baltiyskaya str., 8, Moscow, Russia, 125315 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shevaldova_ov@academpharm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7377-3408</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалева</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovaleva</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ковалева Анастасия Владимировна — кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией реабилитационной и спортивной психофизиологии, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia V. Kovaleva, PhD, Head of the Laboratory of Rehabilitation and Sports Psychophysiology, Leading Researcher</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kovaleva_av@academpharm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Федеральный исследовательский центр оригинальных и перспективных биомедицинских и фармацевтических технологий»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal research center for innovator and emerging biomedical and pharmaceutical technologies</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>310</fpage><lpage>329</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шевалдова О.В., Ковалева А.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шевалдова О.В., Ковалева А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shevaldova O.V., Kovaleva A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/1037">https://transmed.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/1037</self-uri><abstract><p>В результате анализа данных литературы были изучены патогенетические механизмы нарушений вариабельности сердечного ритма (ВСР) у пациентов с врожденными пороками сердца (ВПС). Показано, что изменения ВСР начинаются еще внутриутробно и определяются типом порока и гемодинамическими нарушениями. Доминирующий паттерн изменений ВСР включает снижение временных показателей (SDNN, rMSSD, pNN50) и общей мощности спектра, что свидетельствует о снижении общей вариабельности. Характерен симпато-вагусный дисбаланс с преобладанием симпатических влияний (повышение LF/HF) и снижением парасимпатического тонуса (уменьшение HF-компонента). При цианотических ВПС (СГЛС, ТФ, ТМС) наблюдается более выраженная симпатикотония (LF/HF&gt;3,0) и снижение как временных показателей (SDNN, rMSSD), так и частотных параметров (общая мощность спектра, HF-компонент) до 40–60 % от нормы, тогда как при ацианотических дефектах изменения умереннее. Пациенты с легочной гипертензией демонстрируют снижение LF-компонента, а при системно-легочных шунтах возможно транзиторное повышение HF в рамках компенсаторной реакции. В редких случаях, преимущественно у пациентов с хронической перегрузкой правого желудочка, может наблюдаться повышение нелинейных показателей ВСР (SampEn), что отражает дезорганизацию регуляторных процессов. Хирургическая коррекция, особенно в условиях искусственного кровообращения, вызывает дополнительное снижение ВСР из-за повреждения автономных нервов и системной воспалительной реакции. Более выраженные изменения наблюдаются при открытых вмешательствах по сравнению с эндоваскулярными методами. В отдаленном послеоперационном периоде часто сохраняется вегетативный дисбаланс с преобладанием симпатических влияний, что может быть связано как с остаточными структурными изменениями, так и с последствиями хирургического повреждения автономной иннервации.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The analysis of literature data has studied the pathogenetic mechanisms of heart rate variability (HRV) disorders in patients with congenital heart defects (CHD). The findings demonstrate that HRV alterations begin in utero and are determined by both the type of defect and associated hemodynamic disturbances. In the preoperative period, HRV is influenced by the severity of the defect, patient age at the time of surgical intervention, psychological state, and genetic factors. Surgical correction, particularly under cardiopulmonary bypass conditions, leads to further reduction in HRV due to autonomic nerve fiber damage, systemic inflammatory response, and scar tissue formation. The type of surgery significantly affects the degree of impairment, with more pronounced changes observed in open surgical interventions compared to endovascular methods. In the postoperative period, the pattern of HRV recovery depends on the type of correction and the initial defect. Notably, even in the long-term postoperative period, autonomic regulation imbalance often persists with predominant sympathetic influences. This may be attributed to both residual structural changes and long-term consequences of surgical damage to autonomic innervation. Understanding the mechanisms of HRV disorders is crucial for developing strategies to improve long-term outcomes in CHD patients; however, further research is needed to clarify the role of specific pathogenetic mechanisms and find ways to correct autonomic dysfunction.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вариабельность сердечного ритма</kwd><kwd>вегетативная регуляция сердца</kwd><kwd>врожденные пороки сердца</kwd><kwd>отдаленные послеоперационные последствия</kwd><kwd>симпато-вагусный дисбаланс</kwd><kwd>хирургическая коррекция пороков сердца</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>autonomic nervous system regulation</kwd><kwd>congenital heart defects</kwd><kwd>heart rate variability</kwd><kwd>long-term postoperative outcomes</kwd><kwd>surgical correction of heart defects</kwd><kwd>sympathovagal imbalance</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках темы НИР «Исследование системных физиологических механизмов формирования психоэмоционального стресса и болевых реакций» (ЕГИСУ НИОКТР: 122040500027-7).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the state research project “Study of Systemic Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Psychoemotional Stress and Pain Responses” (EGISU NIOKTR: 122040500027-7).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Y, Chen S, Zühlke L, et al. 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